2015-10-11 SET 2 - SET 2 Flashcards
The activity of living organisms; everything that people do. Any interaction between an organism and its environment that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment.
Behavior
A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior.
Response
The physical shape or form of behavior.
Response Topography
A group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment.
Response Class
All of the behaviors a person can do; or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task.
Repertoire
The conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exits; behavior cannot occur in the absence of environment.
Environment
Any change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react in some way.
Stimulus
A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal and functional dimensions.
Stimulus Class
An environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior of interest.
Antecedent
A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest.
Consequence
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Respondent Behavior
Automatic behavior that occurs involuntarily in response to a stimulus and without prior learning and usually shows little variability from instance to instance.
Reflex
A gradual reduction in the strength of a response when a stimulus event is presented repeatedly.
Habituation
A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.
Respondent Condition
The stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning.
Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior.
Neutral Stimulus
The stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus
a learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the response it elicits. Ontogeny.
Conditioned Reflex
The repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (US) until the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the response.
Respondent Extinction
Development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus (NS) with a conditioned stimulus (CS). Also known as secondary conditioning.
Higher Order Conditioning
Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences.
Operant Behavior
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Operant Conditioning
A group of responses of varying topography, all off which produce the same effect on the environment.
Response Class
An environmental variable that (a) (value-altering) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object or event. Ex: a hungry child will eat. and (b) (behavior-altering) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that have been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event.
Motivating Operations
The state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer: also refers to a procedure for increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer.
Deprivation
A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior.
Satiation
A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus.
Stimulus Control
A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced.
Discriminative Stimulis
a stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the frequency of that response
Reinforcement
Occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions.
Positive Reinforcement
A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.
Reinforcer
Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.
Positive Reinforcement
Occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions.
Punishment
A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.
Punisher
A behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior
Positive Punishment (type 1)
occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of a stimulus event and the future frequency of the behavior decreases under similar environmental conditions.
Negative Punishment (type 2)
Occurs when a behavior is followed by the withdrawal of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Stimulus conditions whose termination functions as reinforcement.
Aversive Stimulus
The discontinuation of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior resulting in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior.
Extinction
A stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of behaviour without prior pairing without any other form of reinforcement.
Unconditioned Reinforcement
Stimulus change that can decrease the future frequency of a behavior without prior pairing.
Unconditioned Punishment
A statement describing a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time.
Principle of Behavior
Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables.
Contingency
The basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior; encompasses the temporal and possibly dependent relations among an antecedent stimulus, behavior, and consequence.
Three-Term Contingency
Reinforcement or punishment delivered only after a target behavior has occurred.
Contingent
An inclusive term referring in general to all of a person’s learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning with respect to particular response classes or aspects of a person’s repertoire.
History of Reinforcement
