2010-2023 Definition Of Terms Flashcards
What is the suitable program required for every construction project?
Construction Safety and Health Program
It must be in accordance with rules and orders issued by the DOLE.
What is the process of injecting an agent into soil or rock to increase stability called?
Grouting
What is the term for an increase in soil density due to the expulsion of water from void spaces?
Consolidation
What does the term ‘hardness’ measure in materials?
Ability to resist indentation or penetration
List the elements to consider when planning National Roads.
- Limited frontage access
- Development set well back from the highway
- Access via provincial roads
- Minimized number of intersections
- Suitable at grade-channelized intersections
- No roadside vendors
What is the correct step by step process for finishing standard weight concrete slabs?
- Bleeding
- Screeding
- Leveling
- Edging
- Jointing
- Floating
- Troweling
- Broom Finishing
What is the basic lane width appropriate for national road?
3.35 m
What is the term for the berth structure projecting out from the shoreline?
Wharf
What is the capacity requirement for scaffoldings?
At least 4 times its own weight
What are the three essential elements of highway design referred to as?
Driving Task
What is the method of protecting employees from cave-ins in excavations called?
Protective System
What is the bucket load capacity in relation to excavators?
Volume contained within the bucket
What signs inform road users about directions and distances?
Guide Signs
What provides detailed requirements for materials, equipment, and workmanship in a project?
Specifications
What time scheduling should be considered in the preparation of a PERT CPM network diagram?
All of the above
What is the measure of a material’s ability to dissipate mechanical vibrations?
Damping Capacity
What is the term for a drawing with elevation as its vertical axis?
Profile
What is a formal agreement between two parties called?
Contract
What is an informal group discussion focusing on safety issues called?
Toolbox Meeting
What occurs after the completion of construction involving punch list and commissioning issues?
Profile
What is the term for structures used to support building loads by transferring them to deeper soil layers?
Piles
What is the timing of signals in relation to each other for vehicle flow called?
Signal Coordination
What is the type of lane marking designed to warn motorists?
Rumble Strip
What is the key property of materials selected for harbor and coastal construction?
Resistance to Cyclical Impact Loading
What is the expected number of production in statistical terms?
Mean
What is the ideal road capacity in vehicles per hour?
2000
What is the process of maintaining favorable conditions for concrete after placement?
Curing
What are waves formed by the wind across the water surface called?
Gravity Waves
What is an application of hot bitumen material to provide adhesion in road surfaces?
Tack Coat
What is the procedure for measuring Zenith angle?
- Level the instrument
- Direct sight with horizontal crosshair
- Read and record the direct vertical angle
- Reverse sight with horizontal crosshair
What is the probability that a person will be harmed if exposed to a hazard called?
Risk
What is the single most important environmental factor in coastal engineering?
Coastal Erosion
What is the difference between actual travel time and ideal travel time called?
Delay
What are written instructions detailing how a facility is to be constructed?
Specifications
What is the bulk composition of concrete?
- Portland Cement
- Aggregates
- Water
What is wearing away of pavement surface due to dislodging of particles called?
Raveling
What is the term for cracks approximately at right angles to the pavement centerline?
Transverse Cracking
What is the term for the interval when the highest tide occurs after new and full moon?
Age of Tides
What is the term for measures of congestion in highway capacity?
Density
What happens to a wave generated in deep water when it reaches shoaling waters?
Changes in height and length but period remains constant
What is the measure of a material’s ability to withstand cyclic stresses?
Fatigue Resistance
What is the process of leveling a floor or layer of concrete with a straight edge called?
Screeding
What are the characteristics of the road environment that affect safety sight distance?
- Road Geometry
- Road Surface
- Road Illumination
- Road Topography
What are the characteristics of vehicles that affect safety sight distance?
- Type of vehicles
- Friction between the tire and road
- Eye height of the driver
- Speed of vehicle
What happens to the speed and flow rate at a certain point?
Increase speeds and reduced flow rate
The point is reached at which speed declines noticeably.
What is the minimum running speed and traffic flow?
Running speed and traffic flow is minimum
When a wave generated in deep water reaches shoaling waters, what changes occur?
Changes in height and length; period will remain constant
What is the chance that Players A and B will be even at no time during the game?
[N n] / 2N
What is a wind wave system called when directly generated and affected by local winds?
Wind Sea
What is the process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates, and additives before mixing concrete called?
Batching
What is the maximum wave height and wave period in a wave train called?
Significant Wave
What type of signs convey messages for regulating, warning, or guiding traffic?
Traffic Signs
Which is not a characteristic of contour?
Contours on the ground can cross another
What is the standard shape generally used for guide signs?
Rectangle
What percentage of tide of water level is safe for ships’ depth of berth?
95%
Which are the true procedures in measuring zenith angle?
- Level the instrument
- Direct sight with vertical cross hair
- Reverse sight with horizontal cross hair
- Read and record to reversed vertical angle
What is the maximum number of vehicles expected to pass over a given section of a lane in one hour called?
Road Capacity
What type of signs warn road users of unexpected or hazardous conditions?
Warning Signs
What is the maximum sustained rate of flow expressed in passenger cars per hour per lane called?
Capacity
Waves under the influence of the winds that generated them are called what?
Sea
In a baseball practice, who has greater displacement, the player or the ball?
The ball has a greater displacement traveled compared to the player
What is the purpose of installing edge lines?
To delineate the edge of the travelled way to distinguish it from the shoulder area
What is the least number of links that must be disengaged from a 23-link chain to obtain any number of links?
3
What should always be shown on site plans for orientation purposes?
North Directions
What is the primary consideration in the design of geometric cross sections for highways?
Drainage
What is the ratio of wave height to its wavelength called?
Steepness
What does MLLW stand for?
Mean Lower Low Water
Which of the following statements is true regarding normal curves?
All normal curves are bell-shaped and symmetric
Which statement best describes the principles of isosceles and equilateral triangles?
- If two sides of a triangle are congruent, the angle opposite to these sides are congruent
- If two angles of a triangle are congruent, the sides opposite these angles are congruent
- An equilateral triangle is equiangular
- An equiangular triangle is equilateral
How many words should messages painted on pavement be limited to?
5 words or less
What are four types of pavement and curb markings?
- Longitudinal lines
- Transverse lines
- Transition lines
- Stop lines
What is a continuous structure built along the margin of the sea or alongside river banks called?
Wharf
What is defined as the number of vehicles per unit distance occupying a section of roadway at a given time?
Density
What is a wave at a point where the water depth is equal to ½ the wavelength or greater called?
Significant Wave
What is the sample space for selecting three items classified as defective (D) or non-defective (N)?
DNN, NDN, NND, NNN
What is the standard water depth of berth for a ship with a draft of 7.5 m?
Standard water depth of berth for ship (-7.5 m) + Design low tide (-0.35 m) = -7.85 m
In which cases must lane lines not be continued?
- Across signalized intersections
- Across side street entrances
- Past the start of the taper at which a multilane road narrows down
What are the minimum K value vertical curve considerations?
- Sight distance
- Appearance
- Riding comfort
What must be considered in the design of overtaking lanes and climbing lanes?
- Initial diverge taper
- Auxiliary lane length
- End or merge taper
What is an open water of navigable depth called?
Fairway
What is a type of thermoplastic lane marking designed to aid motorists?
Rumble Strips
What informs and advises road users of directions and points of interest?
Guide Sign
What is any structure built into the sea but not parallel to the coastline called?
Pier
What is the weight per unit volume of a liquid at standard temperature and pressure called?
Specific Weight
What causes negative skin friction on piles?
All of the above
The metacentric height is the distance between which two points?
Center of gravity of the floating body and the center of buoyancy
What is the definition of crust?
It is all plants grow
The crust refers to the outermost layer of the Earth where vegetation thrives.
What is the specific weight of liquid?
Remains constant at every place
This is a property of liquids that does not change with location.
Does the specific weight of liquid vary on other planets?
Does not vary on any other planet
The specific weight of liquids is a characteristic of the liquid itself rather than the planetary conditions.
What causes negative skin friction on piles?
All of the above
Negative skin friction can be caused by soft clay, decreases the pile capacity, and is due to relative settlement of soil.
What is the metacentric height?
The distance between the metacenter and the center of buoyancy
It is crucial for determining the stability of floating bodies.
When the metacenter of a floating body is lower than the center of gravity, the body will be in what state?
Unstable equilibrium
This condition indicates that the floating body will tip over easily.
The intensity of vertical stress at a depth due to a point load is directly proportional to what?
Directly proportional to the depth
This relationship helps in understanding stress distribution in soils.
What is the shear strength of cohesionless soil proportional to?
Proportional to the tangent of the angle of shearing resistance
This is a key factor in soil mechanics.
If the volume of voids is equal to the volume of solids, what is the porosity and void ratio equal to respectively?
0.5 and 1.0
This indicates a balanced soil structure.
Where is the metacenter for stable equilibrium?
Above the center of gravity
This positioning ensures stability in floating bodies.
Molecules of liquid get attracted to what?
Adhesion
This property is important in understanding liquid behavior.
In AASHTO, soil greater than 75 mm is classified as what?
Boulders
This classification is important for engineering and construction purposes.
What is the ratio of weight of water to the weight of solid particles called?
Degree of Saturation
This ratio is crucial in soil mechanics.
What test is NOT performed in the laboratory?
Vane Test
This test is typically conducted in the field.
In what plane can additional stress (deviator stress) affect the shear stress?
Both Vertical and Horizontal Plane
Understanding stress distribution is key in civil engineering.
The Shear Strength of a soil is proportional to what?
Is proportional to the tangent of the angle of internal friction
This relationship is vital in soil stability analysis.
What device is used to determine the undrained shear strength of the soil?
Shear Vane
This device is essential for evaluating soil strength.
What is the most used property in soil properties?
Water Content
This property affects various soil behaviors.
What branch of hydraulics studies forces exerted by or upon liquids in motion?
Hydrodynamics
This field is crucial for understanding fluid behavior.
What is a sudden drop in shear strength in saturated cohesionless soils called?
Liquefaction
This phenomenon can lead to significant structural issues.
A cohesive soil deposit is considered soft if the unconfined compression strength is between what values?
0 to 24 kPa
This classification helps in assessing soil stability.
According to the National Structural Code of the Philippines, the slope of cut surfaces shall not be steeper than what ratio?
1 to 1.5
This guideline is crucial for safe engineering practices.
What happens if the ground water table is at ground level?
Increase in Vertical Pressure
This affects the overall stability of structures.
If the ground water table rises due to flooding, the bearing capacity of the soil will?
Decrease
This is critical for foundation design.
What does a line joining the points of highest elevation of water in vertical pipes represent?
Hydraulic Head
This is important for understanding fluid pressure in systems.
What is a pressure surge caused by a fluid suddenly stopping called?
Water Hammer
This can cause significant damage in hydraulic systems.
When is the flow said to be steady?
When the number of particles passing every section of the stream are always equal
This concept is crucial for fluid dynamics.
What is the definition of medium granular soil based on blow count?
10 - 30
This classification assists in soil identification.
What is not a characteristic of cohesionless soils?
High Shear Strength
Cohesionless soils generally have lower shear strength.
What is the maximum unit weight of water at which temperature?
4 ℃
This temperature is crucial for various engineering applications.
What principle states that pressure exerted onto a liquid is transmitted undiminished?
Pascal’s Principle
This principle is fundamental in fluid mechanics.
The largest grain size that passes a no. 200 sieve is what size?
0.0740 mm
This measurement is important for soil classification.
What is the term for flow where path lines of liquid particles are irregular and cross each other?
Turbulent
This type of flow is common in natural water bodies.
What is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of solids in a given volume of soil?
Degree of Saturation
This ratio helps evaluate soil moisture conditions.
What happens when there is a lowering of the water table?
There is a decrease of lateral pressure
This affects soil stability and structure support.
What is the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of the soil mass called?
Porosity
This is a critical property in geotechnical engineering.
What is the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids called?
Void Ratio
This ratio provides insights into soil structure.
What is the effective stress at a point below the groundwater table due to upward seepage?
This will cause the decrease of the effective stress at that point
Understanding effective stress is essential in soil mechanics.
What is the effect of increasing compaction energy on maximum dry density?
The dry unit weight of soil will increase
This relationship is important in soil compaction practices.
What is the retarding force acting opposite a body in motion called?
Kinetic Friction
This force plays a crucial role in motion dynamics.
What is the term for the phenomenon that causes a beam to have sudden ultimate structure due to a cycle of stresses?
Fatigue
Fatigue refers to the weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads.
What is measured by the Richter scale?
Magnitude of Earthquake
The Richter scale quantifies the amount of energy released during an earthquake.
How is ground motion measured?
Seismometer
A seismometer detects and records the vibrations caused by seismic waves.
What describes the location of an earthquake besides the epicenter?
Focal Depth
Focal depth refers to the depth at which an earthquake originates below the Earth’s surface.
Which material property describes a composite material with elastic properties in one direction different from the perpendicular direction?
Orthotropic
Orthotropic materials have different properties along three mutually perpendicular axes.
What is liquefaction?
A sudden drop in the Shear Strength of a soil
Liquefaction can occur during an earthquake when saturated soil substantially loses strength.
What refers to the rigidity of a structure?
Reciprocal of Deflection
Rigidity is the ability of a structure to resist deformation.
Identify the point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied lateral force acts.
Center of Rigidity
The center of rigidity is crucial for understanding how structures respond to lateral forces.
What refers to the flexibility of a structure?
Reciprocal of Rigidity
Flexibility indicates how much a structure can deform under load.
What type of story has a lateral stiffness less than 70% of the stiffness of the story above?
Soft Story
Soft stories are vulnerable to collapse during seismic events.
Identify the distance between the center of rigidity and center of mass.
Eccentricity
Eccentricity is important for analyzing the stability of structures under load.
Which material property refers to the ability to absorb energy in the Plastic Range?
Toughness
Toughness is a measure of a material’s ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing.
What describes the ability of a material to regain its original dimensions when the load is removed?
Elasticity
Elasticity is a fundamental property of materials that allows them to return to their original shape after deformation.
What is the term for the ability of a material to deform in the plastic range without breaking?
Ductility
Ductility is critical for materials used in structural applications to prevent sudden failure.
What force acts opposite a body in motion?
Kinetic Friction
Kinetic friction is the force resisting the motion of two surfaces sliding against each other.
What is the term for the property of a material that makes it return to its original dimension when the load is removed?
Elasticity
Elasticity is a key property in materials used for structural applications.
What principle states that stress is proportional to strain within the Elastic Region?
Hooke’s Law
Hooke’s Law is foundational in understanding material behavior under load.
Which term refers to the force generated by a body at rest?
Static
Static force is crucial in determining equilibrium in structures.
What is the term for the value beyond which stress is no longer proportional to strain?
Elastic Limit
The elastic limit indicates the maximum stress that a material can withstand while still returning to its original shape.
