201 Flashcards
Type intestinal bowel obstructions (7)
- Strangulated inguinal hernia
- Adhesions
3.Ileocaecal intussusception - Intussesception from polyps
- Mesenteric occlusion
- Tumour
- Volvulus of Sigmoid colon
What happens above the obstruction
Fluid gas and all intestinal contain accumulate above the obstruction
What do you think when someone says hypovolemic shock
Fluid loss causes the heart to stop pumping enough blood around the body
Leading to…..
Low blood pressure
low body Temperature
Rapid pulse in often weekend thredy
What is an inflammation ?
A cellular response that occurs when cells are injured
The 3 inflammatory phases
- To neutralise and destroy harmful agents
- Limit the spread of these harmful agents to healthy tissue.
- Prepare damaged tissue for repair
An infection is….
A true pathogens circumventing the body’s defence system by their sheer numbers
Name a organisms that live in the human body that are mostly harmless
E-coli that lives in the gut
Name 6 or more factors that make an individual more susceptible to infection.
Age
geological location
environment
genetic /medical history
lifestyle choices
individuals immune response
immunisations
Name of Five Ways microorganisms enter the body
Inhalation
ingestion
direct contact
therapeutic
Bite
Morphological changes?
Changes that happen at a cellular level that can happen gradually over time.
Name the three types of morphological changes with examples
Reversible change e.g., injury
Cell adaption e.g., atrophy of muscles
irreversible change e.g., necrosis
What is an obstruction?
Something that gets blocked or clogged preventing anything from passing. E.g., blood clot.
What 3 things can causes obstruction?
Inflammation
Infection
Morphological changes
Where do obstructions occur
Anywhere something travels through something else e.g.,
Intestinal tract
Vascular tract
lymphatic tract
Respiratory tract
What factors affect our susceptibility and recovery from infections? (4)
Nutrition
Behaviour
Belief and attitudes
Type of microorganism
What 4 components make-up are immune defence? ( incorrect!)
1.External barriers. e.g., skin
2.Innate internal immunity which is made up of cells and hormone factors
- This system link in closely to our inflammatory response and our adaptive immunity.???
List the components of the innate immunity system
Innate immunity.
1. Generally early defence
2. Not antigen-specific
3. Not affected by repeated exposure
List the components that make up the adaptive immune system.
Adaptive immunity.
1. Generally a later response
2. Is antigen specific
3. Results in immunology memory
Give a example of the body’s external biochemical defences
Lysozyme which is secreted in the saliva and from the tear ducks.
Give an example of the bodies external biophysical defence
Acid in the stomach and skin
Give an example of a cell that performs phagocytosis (3)
A Leukocyte cell, Macrophages cells neutrophils cell
What is the complement system?
It is a set of blood proteins that work ar activaing the enzyme cascade when a foreign organism/cell is detected
What are the three way neutrophils recognise bacteria foreign organisms?
- The neutrophils have receptors on the surface that recognise bacteria cells and other foreign bodies
- Opsonisation by the complement system which will bind a, compound called c3b which finds the surface of any foreign bodies allowing the neutrophils to find it easier
- Coat the foreign body with antibodies which will allow the neutrophil to sense the FC region ( te land of the antibody)
What is your interferon system
Your interferon system is used to eliminate viruses as they do not have foreign bodies and infect host cells meaning they are not recognised by cells that phagocytosed. e.g Neutrophil.
How does the interferon system work? (3 steps)
1.An infected cell will release interferon molecules.
2.The interferon molecules will bind to uninfected cells.
3.This causes the uninfected cells to change their proteins making it harder for the virus to enter the other cells.
What is pharmacology
The study of substances that interact with lifesystems through chemical processes and affect the body’s systems and function
Terminology
1.Ectomy=
2.Ostomy=
3 Otomy=
4.Orraphy=
5.Oscopy=
- Removal of
- Opening of bladder or intestines
- Opening of
- Repair of
5.To look at
What is an adhesion in the intestines?
An adhesion is a irregular band of scars that formed between bowel Loops.
Give an example of a non-mechanical obstruction
Paralytic ileus which can be a result of neuromuscular of vascular disorder.
What is a Volvulus of Sigmoid colon?
When the intestines get twisted around themselves.
What is a Intussesception?
Where one part of the intestine goes into a other.