200L MBBS ANATOMY UPPERLIMBS LECTURE

Question 1

What are the joints of the upper limbs?

Answer 1

• Sternoclavicular joint
• Acromioclavicular joint
• Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
• Elbow joint
• Radioulnar joints
• Wrist joint
• Joints of the hand (Intercarpal, midcarpal, pisotriquetral, Carpometacarpal, Metacarpophalangeal, Interphalangeal joints)

These joints facilitate movement and connection between the upper limb and the trunk.

Question 2

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 2

Saddle-type synovial joint

It links the upper limb with the trunk.

Question 3

What are the articulating surfaces of the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 3

• Sternal end of the clavicle
• Manubrium of the sternum
• First costal cartilage

The articular surfaces are covered with fibrocartilage.

Question 4

What is the function of the fibrocartilaginous articular disc in the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 4

Separates the joint into two compartments

This allows for improved movement and stability.

Question 5

What are the main ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 5

• Sternoclavicular ligaments (anterior and posterior)
• Interclavicular ligament
• Costoclavicular ligament

These ligaments provide stability to the joint.

Question 6

What movements are possible at the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 6

• Elevation
• Depression
• Protraction
• Retraction
• Rotation

These movements accommodate the motions of the upper limb.

Question 7

What is the blood supply to the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 7

• Internal thoracic artery
• Suprascapular artery

Both arteries branch from the subclavian artery.

Question 8

What nerves innervate the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 8

• Medial supraclavicular nerve (C3 and C4)
• Nerve to subclavius (C5 and C6)

These nerves provide sensory and motor functions.

Question 9

True or False: Dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint is common.

Answer 9

False

It is rare and requires significant force.

Question 10

What are the types of dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 10

• Anterior dislocations
• Posterior dislocations

Anterior dislocations are more common.

Question 11

What are the articulating surfaces of the acromioclavicular joint?

Answer 11

• Lateral end of the clavicle
• Acromion of the scapula

The joint has atypical features such as fibrocartilage lining.

Question 12

What are the main ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint?

Answer 12

• Acromioclavicular ligament
• Conoid ligament
• Trapezoid ligament

The conoid and trapezoid ligaments form the coracoclavicular ligament.

Question 13

What movements does the acromioclavicular joint allow?

Answer 13

Gliding movement in superior/inferior and anteroposterior planes, along with a small amount of axial rotation

All movements are passive and initiated by other joints.

Question 14

What is a common injury associated with the acromioclavicular joint?

Answer 14

Acromioclavicular joint dislocation (separated shoulder)

This injury occurs from a direct blow to the joint or a fall on an outstretched hand.

Question 15

What is the shoulder joint also known as?

Answer 15

Glenohumeral joint

It is a ball and socket-type synovial joint.

Question 16

What are the articulating surfaces of the shoulder joint?

Answer 16

• Head of the humerus
• Glenoid cavity of the scapula

The joint has a wide range of movement but is less stable.

Question 17

What is the role of the glenoid labrum?

Answer 17

Deepens the glenoid fossa

It enhances stability of the shoulder joint.

Question 18

What ligaments stabilize the shoulder joint?

Answer 18

• Glenohumeral ligaments (superior, middle, inferior)
• Coracohumeral ligament
• Transverse humeral ligament
• Coracoacromial ligament

These ligaments help stabilize the joint and prevent dislocation.

Question 19

What are the primary movements of the shoulder joint?

Answer 19

• Extension
• Flexion
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Internal rotation
• External rotation
• Circumduction

The movements are facilitated by various muscles.

Question 20

What is the blood supply to the shoulder joint?

Answer 20

• Anterior circumflex humeral artery
• Posterior circumflex humeral artery
• Suprascapular artery

These arteries are branches of the axillary artery and thyrocervical trunk.

Question 21

What nerves innervate the shoulder joint?

Answer 21

• Axillary nerve
• Suprascapular nerve

These nerves provide sensory innervation.

Question 22

What percentage of shoulder dislocations are anterior dislocations?

Answer 22

95%

Posterior dislocations are less common (4%) and inferior dislocations (1%).

Question 23

What causes an anterior dislocation of the shoulder joint?

Answer 23

Excessive extension and lateral rotation of the humerus

This forces the humeral head into the weakest part of the joint capsule.

Question 24

What is rotator cuff tendonitis?

Answer 24

Injury of the rotator cuff muscles

These muscles stabilize the glenohumeral joint and are commonly strained.

Question 25

What nerve runs in close proximity to the shoulder joint and can be damaged in dislocations?

Answer 25

Axillary nerve ## Footnote Injury to the axillary nerve causes paralysis of the deltoid and loss of sensation over the regimental badge area.

Question 26

What is the characteristic sign of supraspinatus tendinitis?

Answer 26

Painful arc ## Footnote Pain occurs in the middle of abduction between 60-120 degrees.

Question 27

What are the two separate articulations that make up the elbow joint?

Answer 27

* Trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus * Head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus

Question 28

What type of joint is the elbow classified as?

Answer 28

Hinge-type synovial joint

Question 29

What is the function of bursae in the elbow joint?

Answer 29

Decrease friction between tendons, bone, and skin during movement

Question 30

Name one bursa in the elbow that is clinically important.

Answer 30

* Intratendinous olecranon * Subtendinous olecranon * Subcutaneous olecranon bursa

Question 31

What ligament is found on the lateral side of the elbow joint?

Answer 31

Radial collateral ligament

Question 32

What causes subcutaneous bursitis in the elbow?

Answer 32

Repeated friction and pressure on the bursa

Question 33

How does an elbow dislocation usually occur in children?

Answer 33

When a child falls on a hand with the elbow flexed

Question 34

What is the common name for epicondylitis affecting the lateral epicondyle?

Answer 34

Tennis elbow

Question 35

What is the typical mechanism of a supracondylar fracture in children?

Answer 35

Fall onto an outstretched, extended hand

Question 36

What type of joint are the proximal and distal radioulnar joints classified as?

Answer 36

Pivot joints

Question 37

What structure binds the radius and ulna together during movement?

Answer 37

Interosseous membrane

Question 38

What are the two classical fractures associated with injuries to the radius and ulna?

Answer 38

* Monteggia fracture * Galeazzi fracture

Question 39

What type of joint is the wrist joint classified as?

Answer 39

Condyloid-type synovial joint

Question 40

What prevents the ulna from articulating with the carpal bones?

Answer 40

Articular disk

Question 41

What ligament runs from the ulnar styloid process to the triquetrum and pisiform?

Answer 41

Ulnar collateral ligament

Question 42

What are the primary muscles responsible for wrist flexion?

Answer 42

* Flexor carpi ulnaris * Flexor carpi radialis * Flexor digitorum superficialis

Question 43

What is the role of intrinsic carpal ligaments in the wrist?

Answer 43

Provide stability between the carpal bones

Question 44

Which arteries supply blood to the wrist joint?

Answer 44

* Dorsal carpal arches * Palmar carpal arches

Question 45

What nerves provide innervation to the wrist?

Answer 45

* Median nerve * Radial nerve * Ulnar nerve