2008 PPQs

Question 1

What kind of Gram staining is Staph aureus? (1)

Answer 1

Gram positive

catalase positive, coagulase positive

Question 2

Host receptors of Toxic shock syndrome (2)

Answer 2

MHC II and TCR

Question 3

Two common disease caused by bacteria (2)

Answer 3

Cellulitis, tonsilitis/throat infection, pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis

Question 4

What kind of Gram staining is C difficile? (1)

Answer 4

Gram positive, anaerobe

Question 5

C difficile virulence factors (3)

Answer 5

Toxins A and B

spores

Question 6

Two diseases caused by C difficile (2)

Answer 6

Pseudomembranous colitis (antibiotic associated colon infection), sepsis, diarrhoea

Question 7

What is volatile and non-volatile acid? (2)

Answer 7

volatile = CO2
non-volatile = lactic acid

Question 8

pKa value (1)

Answer 8

6.1

Question 9

normal pH value (1)

Answer 9

7.35-7.45

Question 10

What is the ratio of HCO3 to CO2 in blood? (1)

Answer 10

20:1

Question 11

Define base excess and base deficit (2)

Answer 11

Base excess = amount of strong acid added to 1L of oxygenated blood to return pH to normal (7.4) is >2mmol/L
Base deficit = amount of strong base added to 1L of oxygenated blood to return pH to normal (7.4) is < 2mmol/L

Question 12

What is the mechanism for metabolic acidosis in renal failure? (2)

Answer 12

1) without raised anion gap = hyperchloraemic accesses where HCO3 lost from gut/ kidney in diarrhoea/ACEi/Aldosterone deficiency
2) with raised anion gap = high ketones or lactate in e.g. DKA

Question 13

What happens during starvation to glucose/protein/fat/ energy expenditure

Answer 13

glucose decreases
protein same
fat increases
energy expenditure decreases

Question 14

What happens during starvation to glucose/protein/fat/ energy expenditure?

Answer 14

glucose decreases
protein same
fat increases
energy expenditure decreases

Question 15

What two questions do you ask for assessing nutritional risk? (2)

Answer 15

Have you lost weight?

Was it intentional?

Question 16

What are the four most common diseases associated with obesity? (4)

Answer 16

T2DM
Coronary artery disease and stroke
HTN
cancer
(others = gout, depression, arthritis, sleep apnoea, gallstones, infertility)