2008 PPQs Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of Gram staining is Staph aureus? (1)

A

Gram positive

catalase positive, coagulase positive

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2
Q

Host receptors of Toxic shock syndrome (2)

A

MHC II and TCR

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3
Q

Two common disease caused by bacteria (2)

A

Cellulitis, tonsilitis/throat infection, pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis

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4
Q

What kind of Gram staining is C difficile? (1)

A

Gram positive, anaerobe

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5
Q

C difficile virulence factors (3)

A

Toxins A and B

spores

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6
Q

Two diseases caused by C difficile (2)

A

Pseudomembranous colitis (antibiotic associated colon infection), sepsis, diarrhoea

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7
Q

What is volatile and non-volatile acid? (2)

A
volatile = CO2
non-volatile = lactic acid
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8
Q

pKa value (1)

A

6.1

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9
Q

normal pH value (1)

A

7.35-7.45

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10
Q

What is the ratio of HCO3 to CO2 in blood? (1)

A

20:1

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11
Q

Define base excess and base deficit (2)

A

Base excess = amount of strong acid added to 1L of oxygenated blood to return pH to normal (7.4) is >2mmol/L
Base deficit = amount of strong base added to 1L of oxygenated blood to return pH to normal (7.4) is < 2mmol/L

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12
Q

What is the mechanism for metabolic acidosis in renal failure? (2)

A

1) without raised anion gap = hyperchloraemic accesses where HCO3 lost from gut/ kidney in diarrhoea/ACEi/Aldosterone deficiency
2) with raised anion gap = high ketones or lactate in e.g. DKA

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13
Q

What happens during starvation to glucose/protein/fat/ energy expenditure

A

glucose decreases
protein same
fat increases
energy expenditure decreases

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14
Q

What happens during starvation to glucose/protein/fat/ energy expenditure?

A

glucose decreases
protein same
fat increases
energy expenditure decreases

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15
Q

What two questions do you ask for assessing nutritional risk? (2)

A

Have you lost weight?

Was it intentional?

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16
Q

What are the four most common diseases associated with obesity? (4)

A
T2DM
Coronary artery disease and stroke
HTN
cancer
(others = gout, depression, arthritis, sleep apnoea, gallstones, infertility)