2006MED Pathology Practical Exam Flashcards
Wound repair
A) Skin, wound repair
B) Scar (lack of skin), fibrotic tissue, collagen fibres
C) Types: healing by first intention, healing by second intention, Complications: wound dehiscence, cicatrisation, excessive tissue formation, implantation, infection, inclusion cyst, painful wound, Causes: N/A
Ischemic heart disease (chronic) (gross specimen)
A) Heart, ischemic heart disease
B) Hypertrophic & necrotic lesions (coagulative necrosis), chronic: macrophage, lymphocytes, plasma cells
C) Types of ischemic heart disease: angina pectoris, unstable angina, acute myocardial infaction, sudden cardiac death, chronic ischemic heart disease, Causes: coronary artery artherosclerosis, vasospasm, vasculitis, embolism, Complications: Death, heart failure?
Liver cirrhosis (gross specimen)
A) Liver, liver cirrhosis
B) GROSS: Regenerative nodules, fibrosis, HISTO: regenerative nodules, fibrotic bands, disorganised bile ducts, fatty changes
C) Complications: edema, ascites, Causes: Fatty liver (assoc. w/ obesity & diabetes), alcohol abuse, Hep C, heart failure, bile duct blockage, Types: Macro & micronodular cirrhosis
Multinodular goitre (gross specimen)
A) Thyroid, multinodular goitre
B) GROSS: Asymmetric, cystic, haemorrhagic, intact capsule, bumpy surface, HISTO: hyperplastic epithelium, calcifications, cholesterol clefts, granulatomous rxn to colloid
C) Complications: pressure symptoms on oesophagus and trachea, Causes: Thyroid goitre, iodine deficiencies, Types:N/A
Adenocarcinoma of colon (gross specimen)
A) Colon, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colorectal type
B) GROSS: -, HISTO: Glandular differentiation, dysplasia, mucin
C) Causes: Crohn’s disease, mucinous- from pre-existing adenoma or over-consumption of meat, obesity, smoking, heavy alcohol use, Types: mucinous a/c, signet ring a/c, Complications: bowel obstruction, metastasis
Squamous cell carcinoma (gross specimen)
A) GROSS: Skin, well-differentiated keratinising SCC, HISTO: Maxilla, squamous cell carcinoma
B) GROSS:-, HISTO: intercellular bridges, keratinised cancer cell
C) Types: adenoid SCC, clear cell SCC, signet ring SCC etc, Causes: arsenic exposure, UV radiation, smoking, chronic alcoholism, Complications: local tissue destruction, metastases - spread to other organs(rare)
Gall stone (gross specimen)
A) Gall bladder w/ stones, cholecystitis- chronic inflammation
B) HISTO: inflamed mucosae, diverticulae, fibrosis, lymphocytes, macrophages, platelets GROSS: bladder wall thickening, gall stones
C) Types: Acute/chronic chloecystitis, cholesterol stones, pigment stones, mixed stones, Cause: biliary hypersecretion of cholesterolsupersaturation of bile, nucleation of cholesterol into solid crystals, Complications of gall stones: inflammation of gall bladder, pancreas, bile duct
Pyleonephritis (gross specimen)
A) Kidney, pyleonephritis (acute on chronic inflammation)
B) GROSS: abcess, HISTO: neutrophils, lymphocytes, fibrotic tissue, platelets, plasma cells
C) Causes: ascending UTI, Complications: Kidney failure, urosepsis, death, Types: acute, chronic, xanthogranulatamous
Bronchopneumonia
A) Lungs, bronchopneumonia
B) HISTO: Lung consolidation, neutrophils in alveolar spaces, extravasation of RBC & fibrinous exudates
C) Types: acute/chronic, types of pneumonia: dust pneumonia, chemical pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, Complications: lung abcess, spread of infection, death, Causes: spread of bugs when lowered defences- e.g. cilia injury (smoking), accumulated mucous secretions (CF), immune deficiency, chronic disease
Artheroma
A) Artery, artheroma
B) HISTO: cholesterol clefts, foamy macrophages, necrosis, fibrosis, calcification
C) Complications: obstruct blood flow, weaken underlying media, rupture, cause catastrophic vessel thrombosis, haemorrage, embolisation Causes: diabetes, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipiaemia
Types: Artheroma is characteristic of ateriolosclerosis: hyaline arteriolosclerosis, hyperplastic arteriosclerosis
Oesophagus adenocarcinoma
A) Oesophagus, oesophageal adenocarcinoma
B) Glandular differentiation (adenocarcinoma), occasionally see back-to-back glandular feature
C) Complications: local obstruction- dysphagia, odynophagia, may infiltrate trachea & form fistula, cause subsequent aspiration pneumonia and infiltrate aorta- massive bleeding
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
A) Thyroid, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
B) Germinal centre, diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, Hurtle cell changes (oxyphilic metaplasia)
C) Complications: goitre, mental health issues, heart problems, Causes: autoimmune; genetic flaw, or possibly bacterial/viral trigger, Types: other types of autoimmune thyroiditis- Grave’s
Thyroid Follicular Adenoma
A) Thyroid, thyroid follicular adenoma
B) Capsule (fibrous), benign appearance of follicular cells, no capsular/vascular invasion, nodule composed of follicles
C) Types: fetal, colloid, embryonal, hurtle, Causes: unknown, Complications: can produce extra hormones- hyperthyroidism, obstruction
Pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid
A) Parotid gland, Pleomorphic adenoma
B) Myoepithelial cells, myxoid area, stroma: connective tissue, capsule, cartilagenous area (interaction between myoepithelial cells & stroma)
C) Complications: malignant transformation & metastases, Types: (of benign salivary gland tumours) Whartin’s, Causes: Smoking, radiation to head and neck
Tuberculosis (lymph node)
A) Lymph node, tuberculosis
B) Granulomatous inflammation, giant cells, lymphocytes, epithelial histiocytes, caseating granulomas
C) Type: extrapulmonary & pulmonary tuberculosis, Complications: spread of infection to bone, kidneys, brain, heart, Causes: infection of lung parenchyma Mycobacterium tuberculosis
