2006MED Pathology Practical Exam Flashcards
Wound repair
A) Skin, wound repair
B) Scar (lack of skin), fibrotic tissue, collagen fibres
C) Types: healing by first intention, healing by second intention, Complications: wound dehiscence, cicatrisation, excessive tissue formation, implantation, infection, inclusion cyst, painful wound, Causes: N/A
Ischemic heart disease (chronic) (gross specimen)
A) Heart, ischemic heart disease
B) Hypertrophic & necrotic lesions (coagulative necrosis), chronic: macrophage, lymphocytes, plasma cells
C) Types of ischemic heart disease: angina pectoris, unstable angina, acute myocardial infaction, sudden cardiac death, chronic ischemic heart disease, Causes: coronary artery artherosclerosis, vasospasm, vasculitis, embolism, Complications: Death, heart failure?
Liver cirrhosis (gross specimen)
A) Liver, liver cirrhosis
B) GROSS: Regenerative nodules, fibrosis, HISTO: regenerative nodules, fibrotic bands, disorganised bile ducts, fatty changes
C) Complications: edema, ascites, Causes: Fatty liver (assoc. w/ obesity & diabetes), alcohol abuse, Hep C, heart failure, bile duct blockage, Types: Macro & micronodular cirrhosis
Multinodular goitre (gross specimen)
A) Thyroid, multinodular goitre
B) GROSS: Asymmetric, cystic, haemorrhagic, intact capsule, bumpy surface, HISTO: hyperplastic epithelium, calcifications, cholesterol clefts, granulatomous rxn to colloid
C) Complications: pressure symptoms on oesophagus and trachea, Causes: Thyroid goitre, iodine deficiencies, Types:N/A
Adenocarcinoma of colon (gross specimen)
A) Colon, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colorectal type
B) GROSS: -, HISTO: Glandular differentiation, dysplasia, mucin
C) Causes: Crohn’s disease, mucinous- from pre-existing adenoma or over-consumption of meat, obesity, smoking, heavy alcohol use, Types: mucinous a/c, signet ring a/c, Complications: bowel obstruction, metastasis
Squamous cell carcinoma (gross specimen)
A) GROSS: Skin, well-differentiated keratinising SCC, HISTO: Maxilla, squamous cell carcinoma
B) GROSS:-, HISTO: intercellular bridges, keratinised cancer cell
C) Types: adenoid SCC, clear cell SCC, signet ring SCC etc, Causes: arsenic exposure, UV radiation, smoking, chronic alcoholism, Complications: local tissue destruction, metastases - spread to other organs(rare)
Gall stone (gross specimen)
A) Gall bladder w/ stones, cholecystitis- chronic inflammation
B) HISTO: inflamed mucosae, diverticulae, fibrosis, lymphocytes, macrophages, platelets GROSS: bladder wall thickening, gall stones
C) Types: Acute/chronic chloecystitis, cholesterol stones, pigment stones, mixed stones, Cause: biliary hypersecretion of cholesterolsupersaturation of bile, nucleation of cholesterol into solid crystals, Complications of gall stones: inflammation of gall bladder, pancreas, bile duct
Pyleonephritis (gross specimen)
A) Kidney, pyleonephritis (acute on chronic inflammation)
B) GROSS: abcess, HISTO: neutrophils, lymphocytes, fibrotic tissue, platelets, plasma cells
C) Causes: ascending UTI, Complications: Kidney failure, urosepsis, death, Types: acute, chronic, xanthogranulatamous
Bronchopneumonia
A) Lungs, bronchopneumonia
B) HISTO: Lung consolidation, neutrophils in alveolar spaces, extravasation of RBC & fibrinous exudates
C) Types: acute/chronic, types of pneumonia: dust pneumonia, chemical pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, Complications: lung abcess, spread of infection, death, Causes: spread of bugs when lowered defences- e.g. cilia injury (smoking), accumulated mucous secretions (CF), immune deficiency, chronic disease
Artheroma
A) Artery, artheroma
B) HISTO: cholesterol clefts, foamy macrophages, necrosis, fibrosis, calcification
C) Complications: obstruct blood flow, weaken underlying media, rupture, cause catastrophic vessel thrombosis, haemorrage, embolisation Causes: diabetes, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipiaemia
Types: Artheroma is characteristic of ateriolosclerosis: hyaline arteriolosclerosis, hyperplastic arteriosclerosis
Oesophagus adenocarcinoma
A) Oesophagus, oesophageal adenocarcinoma
B) Glandular differentiation (adenocarcinoma), occasionally see back-to-back glandular feature
C) Complications: local obstruction- dysphagia, odynophagia, may infiltrate trachea & form fistula, cause subsequent aspiration pneumonia and infiltrate aorta- massive bleeding
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
A) Thyroid, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
B) Germinal centre, diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, Hurtle cell changes (oxyphilic metaplasia)
C) Complications: goitre, mental health issues, heart problems, Causes: autoimmune; genetic flaw, or possibly bacterial/viral trigger, Types: other types of autoimmune thyroiditis- Grave’s
Thyroid Follicular Adenoma
A) Thyroid, thyroid follicular adenoma
B) Capsule (fibrous), benign appearance of follicular cells, no capsular/vascular invasion, nodule composed of follicles
C) Types: fetal, colloid, embryonal, hurtle, Causes: unknown, Complications: can produce extra hormones- hyperthyroidism, obstruction
Pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid
A) Parotid gland, Pleomorphic adenoma
B) Myoepithelial cells, myxoid area, stroma: connective tissue, capsule, cartilagenous area (interaction between myoepithelial cells & stroma)
C) Complications: malignant transformation & metastases, Types: (of benign salivary gland tumours) Whartin’s, Causes: Smoking, radiation to head and neck
Tuberculosis (lymph node)
A) Lymph node, tuberculosis
B) Granulomatous inflammation, giant cells, lymphocytes, epithelial histiocytes, caseating granulomas
C) Type: extrapulmonary & pulmonary tuberculosis, Complications: spread of infection to bone, kidneys, brain, heart, Causes: infection of lung parenchyma Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Basal cell carcinoma
A) Skin, basal cell carcinoma
B) Malignant cells look like basal cells, oriented in preference of lesion (paslisading), atypical mitosis, infiltrative pattern
C) Types: skin, parotid gland Complications: recurrence, cancer spreading beyond skin, increased risk of other types of cancer, Causes: weakened immune system, exposure to toxic substances, UV radiation
Active chronic tonsilitis
A) Tonsil, active chronic tonsilitis
B) Lymphoid follicles, PMNs, lymphocytes, plasma cells
C) Types: acute, subacute, chronic, Complications: Chronic tonsilitis, quinsy, glue ear, Causes: infection of tonsils by bacteria/viruses
Wound repair
A) Skin, wound repair
B) Scar (lack of skin), fibrotic tissue, collagen fibres
C) Types: 1st intention, 2nd intention Causes: N/A, Complications: Implantation, wound dehiscence, excessive tissue formation, cicatrisation, infection, inclusion cyst
