2006 Flashcards
3 non-specific/innate mechanisms to prevent microorganisms from reaching the lungs
Nasal hair, mucus, coughing/sneezing, warming/humidification by nose
3 metabolic/physiological factors that reduce PVR
NO, hypoxia, reduced sympathetic stimulation, parasympathetic stimulation
What activates baroreceptors
Increase in blood pressure
What effect does stimulation of baroreceptors have on systemic BP
Decreased sympathetic stimulation, decreased arteriolar vasoconstriction, decreased BP
3 characteristics of pain caused by MI
Crushing, central, spreads to jaw/neck/arm, severe
Epithelium normally lining oesophagus
Stratified squamous, non-keratinising
Epithelium lining stomach
Simple columnar epithelium
3 structures anterior to the oesophagus
heart/left atrium, trachea, left main bronchus
Most likely reason for fast pulse?
Stimulation of sympathetic system
What are the two AV valves
mitral (left) and tricuspid (right)
Which hormonal pathway is responsible for decreased urine
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
3 causes of gastric ulcers
hyperacidity, alterations in mucin (low mucus), H. pylori
Hormone responsible for gastric juice and where is it secreted
gastrin, stomach & pancreas
What is median survival
Time at the end of which 50% of index cases are alive
How much absolute alcohol is there per unit?
8g
2 pathological changes that occur with excess alcohol consumption
fatty liver, alcoholic hepatits
3 functions of the cell membrane of bronchial epithelial cells
separating intracellular contents from the extracellular environment, regulate transport into/out of the cell (act as a semipermeable membrane), cell signalling
What is the release of vacuoles from a cell known as
Exocytosis
What is phagocytosis/pinocytosis a type of
Endocytosis
Surface marking of oblique fissure?
4th rib (back), deep to 5th rib to 6th costal cartilage (front)
Why do small changes in diameter of blood vessels have a great effect on resistance
Pouiselle’s law
What part of the heart do you feel from apex beat
left ventricle
2 stages of fat digestion
Emulsification and triglyceride hydrolysis
Main function of micelles
Lipid transport
