2006

Question 1

3 non-specific/innate mechanisms to prevent microorganisms from reaching the lungs

Answer 1

Nasal hair, mucus, coughing/sneezing, warming/humidification by nose

Question 2

3 metabolic/physiological factors that reduce PVR

Answer 2

NO, hypoxia, reduced sympathetic stimulation, parasympathetic stimulation

Question 3

What activates baroreceptors

Answer 3

Increase in blood pressure

Question 4

What effect does stimulation of baroreceptors have on systemic BP

Answer 4

Decreased sympathetic stimulation, decreased arteriolar vasoconstriction, decreased BP

Question 5

3 characteristics of pain caused by MI

Answer 5

Crushing, central, spreads to jaw/neck/arm, severe

Question 6

Epithelium normally lining oesophagus

Answer 6

Stratified squamous, non-keratinising

Question 7

Epithelium lining stomach

Answer 7

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 8

3 structures anterior to the oesophagus

Answer 8

heart/left atrium, trachea, left main bronchus

Question 9

Most likely reason for fast pulse?

Answer 9

Stimulation of sympathetic system

Question 10

What are the two AV valves

Answer 10

mitral (left) and tricuspid (right)

Question 11

Which hormonal pathway is responsible for decreased urine

Answer 11

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Question 12

3 causes of gastric ulcers

Answer 12

hyperacidity, alterations in mucin (low mucus), H. pylori

Question 13

Hormone responsible for gastric juice and where is it secreted

Answer 13

gastrin, stomach & pancreas

Question 14

What is median survival

Answer 14

Time at the end of which 50% of index cases are alive

Question 15

How much absolute alcohol is there per unit?

Answer 15

8g

Question 16

2 pathological changes that occur with excess alcohol consumption

Answer 16

fatty liver, alcoholic hepatits

Question 17

3 functions of the cell membrane of bronchial epithelial cells

Answer 17

separating intracellular contents from the extracellular environment, regulate transport into/out of the cell (act as a semipermeable membrane), cell signalling

Question 18

What is the release of vacuoles from a cell known as

Answer 18

Exocytosis

Question 19

What is phagocytosis/pinocytosis a type of

Answer 19

Endocytosis

Question 20

Surface marking of oblique fissure?

Answer 20

4th rib (back), deep to 5th rib to 6th costal cartilage (front)

Question 21

Why do small changes in diameter of blood vessels have a great effect on resistance

Answer 21

Pouiselle’s law

Question 22

What part of the heart do you feel from apex beat

Answer 22

left ventricle

Question 23

2 stages of fat digestion

Answer 23

Emulsification and triglyceride hydrolysis

Question 24

Main function of micelles

Answer 24

Lipid transport

Question 25

Narrowing of what causes a wheeze

Answer 25

Bronchioles - muscle spasms

Question 26

Why might blood pressure be low in anaphylaxis

Answer 26

vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, fluid loss from vascular space

Question 27

Immunoglobulin, inflammatory cell and chemical mediator in allergies

Answer 27

IgE, mast cells, histamine

Question 28

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?

Answer 28

The maximal volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled following normal expiration