2. Why are some countries democratic Flashcards
1
Q
A
2
Q
What is Huntington’s Clash of Civilisations Thesis?
A
A theory suggesting that cultural differences, especially between Western and Islamic societies, lead to conflicts.
3
Q
What are the central claims of the Clash of Civilisations thesis?
A
- Contemporary values are linked to culture and historical legacies.
- Significant cultural differences exist between Western and Islamic societies.
- These differences can lead to conflicts within and between nation-states.
4
Q
What characterizes Western civilization according to the Clash of Civilisations thesis?
A
- Separation of religious and political authority.
- Representative democracy.
- Protection of rights.
5
Q
What are some social values that challenge traditional beliefs in Western societies?
A
- Faith in science and technology.
- Belief in sexual liberalization.
- Equality for women.
6
Q
True or False: Scholars argue for a single Islamic or Western culture.
A
False.
7
Q
What factors contribute to the rise of radical Islamic fundamentalism?
A
Deep disparities between the rich and poor, particularly among uneducated and unemployed youth.
8
Q
What does the modernization and social values theory suggest?
A
- Post-industrial societies support female equality and changed gender roles.
- Industrialization leads to women’s workforce participation and lower fertility rates.
- Modernization results in declining values of traditional religious authority.
9
Q
What did survey findings reveal about attitudes towards democracy in the Islamic world versus the West?
A
- Minimal difference in support for democratic ideals.
- Disapproval of strong leaders is common in both regions.
10
Q
Fill in the blank: Countries with greater political rights and civil liberties, like _______ and _______ are less keen on strong leadership.
A
[Bangladesh, Turkey]
11
Q
What is the political resource curse?
A
Countries reliant on natural resources struggle to democratize and often experience corruption and poor governance.
12
Q
How does economic development relate to democracy according to modernization theory?
A
- Economic development encourages the emergence and survival of democracy.
- Dictatorships become unsustainable in developed societies.
13
Q
What is the probability of a country transitioning to democracy if its GDP per capita is above $6000?
A
6 times greater than the probability of becoming dictatorial.
14
Q
What is the relationship between economic elites and democracy in highly unequal societies?
A
Economic elites often block attempts at democratization.
15
Q
What does the cultural modernization theory propose?
A
Socioeconomic development transforms societies, making them ready for democracy through cultural changes.
16
Q
Name the three types of political culture identified by Almond and Verba.
A
- Parochial
- Subject
- Participant/civic
17
Q
What is the only type of political culture compatible with democracy according to Almond and Verba?
A
Civic culture.
18
Q
True or False: Cultural traits are fixed barriers to democracy according to the constructivist perspective.
A
False.
19
Q
What are the implications of foreign aid on democracy?
A
- Foreign aid can increase government autonomy from citizen demands.
- It may prolong dictatorial rule by providing resources to maintain power.
20
Q
What is the argument regarding inequality and democracy?
A
- Inequality provides incentives for the poor to redistribute wealth.
- It can make democracy appealing to the poor but costly to the rich.
21
Q
How does the dependency on citizens with credible exit threats relate to government stability?
A
Governments dependent on citizens with credible exit threats are more likely to be democratic and have strong economies.
22
Q
What can governments that rely on unearned income from natural resources avoid?
A
Raising taxes and thus reduce citizen demands for representation.
23
Q
Fill in the blank: The theory that suggests societies pass through the same historical stages of economic development is called _______.
A
[Modernization Theory]
24
Q
What role does the middle class play in democratic transitions?
A
Key actor and net contributor to the tax system, supporting democracy.
25
What is a major critique of the primordialist argument regarding culture and democracy?
It does not specify which parts of culture are incompatible with democracy.
26
What are the three types of political culture identified by Almond and Verba?
* Parochial
* Subject
* Participant/Civic
## Footnote
Only the civic culture is compatible with democracy, while parochial is aligned with tribal systems and subject culture with authoritarian regimes.
27
What are the components of a civic culture?
* Individual belief in influencing political decisions
* Positive feelings towards the political system
* High levels of interpersonal trust
* Preferences for gradual societal change
## Footnote
Inglehart (1990) also adds overall life satisfaction to these attitudes.
28
Which countries are identified as the most stable democracies?
US and UK
## Footnote
They most closely resemble the ideal civic culture.
29
What are the two dimensions of cross-cultural variation according to Inglehart and Welzel?
* Traditional values vs secular-rational values
* Survival values vs self-expression values
## Footnote
Traditional values include religion and national pride, while secular-rational values accept divorce and abortion.
30
What does socioeconomic development lead to in terms of cultural values?
A change from traditional and survival values to secular-rational and self-expression values
## Footnote
Industrialization and post-industrialization phases characterize this shift.
31
What are the issues with using surveys for research on sensitive topics?
* Respondents may conceal true beliefs
* Social desirability bias
* Differential item functioning
## Footnote
Respondents may interpret questions differently, leading to misleading results.
32
What is the purpose of the randomized response technique in surveys?
To allow respondents to answer sensitive questions truthfully by providing a probability mechanism
## Footnote
This technique helps mitigate the fear of retaliation or social pressure.
33
According to Max Weber, how does Protestantism relate to democracy?
It encourages economic development which supports democracy
## Footnote
Rodney Stark extends this idea to Christianity in general.
34
What is the main criticism of Catholicism regarding democracy?
Its emphasis on one truth and hierarchical structure is incompatible with democratic egalitarianism
## Footnote
Historical support for dictatorships by the Catholic Church is also noted.
35
What does Confucianism emphasize that may conflict with democratic values?
Respect for authority and communalism over individual rights
## Footnote
The Asian values debate highlights these tensions.
36
What is the ultimatum game in experimental economics?
A game where a proposer allocates money to a responder who can accept or reject the offer
## Footnote
If rejected, neither participant receives money.
37
What did Schumpeter define democracy as?
Competition over votes between rival groups of elites
## Footnote
This highlights the elite nature of political competition.
38
What are the criteria for a dichotomous measure of democracy according to Przeworski?
* The chief executive is elected
* The legislature is elected
* More than one party competes in elections
* An alternation in power under identical electoral rules has occurred
## Footnote
These criteria help define democratic systems.
39
What is the Polity Score used for?
To measure democracy based on various criteria including political participation and executive recruitment
## Footnote
The score ranges from -10 to +10.
40
What is the Modernization theory's main argument?
Democracy is related to the state of economic development
## Footnote
A larger middle class helps temper conflict and supports democratic processes.
41
What does the cultural argument suggest about democracy?
Civic and cultural norms are necessary for democracy to function
## Footnote
Lack of social trust can undermine democratic processes.
42
What is the significance of the Inglehart-Welzel model?
It divides cultures based on clusters related to democratic values
## Footnote
This helps in understanding different cultural attitudes towards democracy.
43
What is the relationship between inequality and democratic stability according to strategic bargains?
Higher inequality can lead to instability as the poor may feel more aggrieved and push for change
## Footnote
Conversely, lower inequality can make elites more amenable to democratic processes.
44
What is a key trend in democratic attitudes among younger generations?
A decline in support for democracy among those born in the 1980s and later
## Footnote
This trend raises concerns about the future of democratic governance.
45
What does a 'strong leader who does not have to bother with election' indicate?
A shift in public support towards authoritarian governance
## Footnote
This reflects a worrying trend in democratic attitudes.
46
What are the main explanations of democracy?
Economic development, cultural values, strategic bargains between social groups
## Footnote
These explanations highlight different factors influencing the establishment and sustainability of democratic systems.
47
What does strategic bargaining argue about inequality?
Inequality should lead to more instability.
48
Is there a debate in political science regarding income inequality and democratization?
Yes, whether income inequality undermines or reinforces democratization.
49
What trend is observed in attitudes towards democracy in many advanced democracies?
Democracy is under threat or has stalled.
50
What is the clash of civilisations thesis?
Argues that culture is a major obstacle to democratisation.
51
Who developed the clash of civilisations thesis?
Samuel Huntington.
52
What does Huntington fail to recognize in his thesis?
The role of gender inequality and sexual liberalisation.
53
What methodology did Huntington use in his research?
World Values Survey 1995-2001.
54
What does Inglehart's theory state about human development?
It generates changed cultural attitudes in any society.
55
What are the two phases of modernisation discussed?
1. Industrialisation 2. Postindustrial phase.
56
What happens during the industrialisation phase according to modernisation theory?
Women enter the paid workforce and attain literacy and educational opportunities.
57
What does Huntington argue about the origins of modern democracy?
Principles originated in Western Europe with the separation of Church and State.
58
What is the credible commitment problem?
Occurs when an actor has an incentive to renege on a promise in the future.
59
What is the political resource curse?
Countries dependent on revenue from natural resources are unlikely to democratize.
60
What are the conditions under which foreign aid promotes democratisation?
1. Recipient country is dependent on aid 2. Donor wants to promote reform 3. Donor has credible threat to withdraw aid.
61
What is the relationship between economic inequality and democracy?
Economic inequality undermines democracy.
62
Fill in the blank: A _______ is an entity that uses coercion and the threat of force to rule in a given territory.
state
63
What does political culture refer to?
Cluster of attitudes in society.
64
What is the significance of social capital according to Putnam?
Greater social norms around reciprocity, trust, and social cooperation lead to better functioning institutions.
65
What is the Third Wave of democratization?
Starts in 1976 with Portugal and then Spain.
66
What was the role of Mikhail Gorbachev in the democratization of Eastern Europe?
Supported widespread reforms and liberalization in the USSR.
67
What is the impact of high inequality on democracy?
The rich have more to lose, making them less likely to accept democracy.
68
What are the main cultural determinants of democracy according to the constructivist argument?
Culture is constructed or invented rather than inherited.
69
What did Almond and Verba argue is required for democratic stability?
Civic culture.
70
What is the significance of the Velvet Revolution?
Truly bottom-up collective action in Czechoslovakia.
71
What does the term 'regime' refer to in political science?
The set of rules, norms, or institutions that determine government organization and decision-making.
72
What is the role of civil society in democratization according to Przeworski?
Emerges as society becomes complex and organized.
73
What is Huntington's Clash of Civilisations Thesis?
A theory suggesting that cultural differences, especially between Western and Islamic societies, lead to conflicts.
74
What are the central claims of the Clash of Civilisations thesis?
* Contemporary values are linked to culture and historical legacies.
* Significant cultural differences exist between Western and Islamic societies.
* These differences can lead to conflicts within and between nation-states.
75
What characterizes Western civilization according to the Clash of Civilisations thesis?
* Separation of religious and political authority.
* Representative democracy.
* Protection of rights.
76
What are some social values that challenge traditional beliefs in Western societies?
* Faith in science and technology.
* Belief in sexual liberalization.
* Equality for women.
77
True or False: Scholars argue for a single Islamic or Western culture.
False.
78
What factors contribute to the rise of radical Islamic fundamentalism?
Deep disparities between the rich and poor, particularly among uneducated and unemployed youth.
79
What does the modernization and social values theory suggest?
* Post-industrial societies support female equality and changed gender roles.
* Industrialization leads to women's workforce participation and lower fertility rates.
* Modernization results in declining values of traditional religious authority.
80
What did survey findings reveal about attitudes towards democracy in the Islamic world versus the West?
* Minimal difference in support for democratic ideals.
* Disapproval of strong leaders is common in both regions.
81
Fill in the blank: Countries with greater political rights and civil liberties, like _______ and _______ are less keen on strong leadership.
[Bangladesh, Turkey]
82
What is the political resource curse?
Countries reliant on natural resources struggle to democratize and often experience corruption and poor governance.
83
How does economic development relate to democracy according to modernization theory?
* Economic development encourages the emergence and survival of democracy.
* Dictatorships become unsustainable in developed societies.
84
What is the probability of a country transitioning to democracy if its GDP per capita is above $6000?
6 times greater than the probability of becoming dictatorial.
85
What is the relationship between economic elites and democracy in highly unequal societies?
Economic elites often block attempts at democratization.
86
What does the cultural modernization theory propose?
Socioeconomic development transforms societies, making them ready for democracy through cultural changes.
87
Name the three types of political culture identified by Almond and Verba.
* Parochial
* Subject
* Participant/civic
88
What is the only type of political culture compatible with democracy according to Almond and Verba?
Civic culture.
89
True or False: Cultural traits are fixed barriers to democracy according to the constructivist perspective.
False.
90
What are the implications of foreign aid on democracy?
* Foreign aid can increase government autonomy from citizen demands.
* It may prolong dictatorial rule by providing resources to maintain power.
91
What is the argument regarding inequality and democracy?
* Inequality provides incentives for the poor to redistribute wealth.
* It can make democracy appealing to the poor but costly to the rich.
92
How does the dependency on citizens with credible exit threats relate to government stability?
Governments dependent on citizens with credible exit threats are more likely to be democratic and have strong economies.
93
What can governments that rely on unearned income from natural resources avoid?
Raising taxes and thus reduce citizen demands for representation.
94
Fill in the blank: The theory that suggests societies pass through the same historical stages of economic development is called _______.
[Modernization Theory]
95
What role does the middle class play in democratic transitions?
Key actor and net contributor to the tax system, supporting democracy.
96
What is a major critique of the primordialist argument regarding culture and democracy?
It does not specify which parts of culture are incompatible with democracy.
97
What are the three types of political culture identified by Almond and Verba?
* Parochial
* Subject
* Participant/Civic
## Footnote
Only the civic culture is compatible with democracy, while parochial is aligned with tribal systems and subject culture with authoritarian regimes.
98
What are the components of a civic culture?
* Individual belief in influencing political decisions
* Positive feelings towards the political system
* High levels of interpersonal trust
* Preferences for gradual societal change
## Footnote
Inglehart (1990) also adds overall life satisfaction to these attitudes.
99
Which countries are identified as the most stable democracies?
US and UK
## Footnote
They most closely resemble the ideal civic culture.
100
What are the two dimensions of cross-cultural variation according to Inglehart and Welzel?
* Traditional values vs secular-rational values
* Survival values vs self-expression values
## Footnote
Traditional values include religion and national pride, while secular-rational values accept divorce and abortion.
101
What does socioeconomic development lead to in terms of cultural values?
A change from traditional and survival values to secular-rational and self-expression values
## Footnote
Industrialization and post-industrialization phases characterize this shift.
102
What are the issues with using surveys for research on sensitive topics?
* Respondents may conceal true beliefs
* Social desirability bias
* Differential item functioning
## Footnote
Respondents may interpret questions differently, leading to misleading results.
103
What is the purpose of the randomized response technique in surveys?
To allow respondents to answer sensitive questions truthfully by providing a probability mechanism
## Footnote
This technique helps mitigate the fear of retaliation or social pressure.
104
According to Max Weber, how does Protestantism relate to democracy?
It encourages economic development which supports democracy
## Footnote
Rodney Stark extends this idea to Christianity in general.
105
What is the main criticism of Catholicism regarding democracy?
Its emphasis on one truth and hierarchical structure is incompatible with democratic egalitarianism
## Footnote
Historical support for dictatorships by the Catholic Church is also noted.
106
What does Confucianism emphasize that may conflict with democratic values?
Respect for authority and communalism over individual rights
## Footnote
The Asian values debate highlights these tensions.
107
What is the ultimatum game in experimental economics?
A game where a proposer allocates money to a responder who can accept or reject the offer
## Footnote
If rejected, neither participant receives money.
108
What did Schumpeter define democracy as?
Competition over votes between rival groups of elites
## Footnote
This highlights the elite nature of political competition.
109
What are the criteria for a dichotomous measure of democracy according to Przeworski?
* The chief executive is elected
* The legislature is elected
* More than one party competes in elections
* An alternation in power under identical electoral rules has occurred
## Footnote
These criteria help define democratic systems.
110
What is the Polity Score used for?
To measure democracy based on various criteria including political participation and executive recruitment
## Footnote
The score ranges from -10 to +10.
111
What is the Modernization theory's main argument?
Democracy is related to the state of economic development
## Footnote
A larger middle class helps temper conflict and supports democratic processes.
112
What does the cultural argument suggest about democracy?
Civic and cultural norms are necessary for democracy to function
## Footnote
Lack of social trust can undermine democratic processes.
113
What is the significance of the Inglehart-Welzel model?
It divides cultures based on clusters related to democratic values
## Footnote
This helps in understanding different cultural attitudes towards democracy.
114
What is the relationship between inequality and democratic stability according to strategic bargains?
Higher inequality can lead to instability as the poor may feel more aggrieved and push for change
## Footnote
Conversely, lower inequality can make elites more amenable to democratic processes.
115
What is a key trend in democratic attitudes among younger generations?
A decline in support for democracy among those born in the 1980s and later
## Footnote
This trend raises concerns about the future of democratic governance.
116
What does a 'strong leader who does not have to bother with election' indicate?
A shift in public support towards authoritarian governance
## Footnote
This reflects a worrying trend in democratic attitudes.
117
What are the main explanations of democracy?
Economic development, cultural values, strategic bargains between social groups
## Footnote
These explanations highlight different factors influencing the establishment and sustainability of democratic systems.
118
What does strategic bargaining argue about inequality?
Inequality should lead to more instability.
119
Is there a debate in political science regarding income inequality and democratization?
Yes, whether income inequality undermines or reinforces democratization.
120
What trend is observed in attitudes towards democracy in many advanced democracies?
Democracy is under threat or has stalled.
121
What is the clash of civilisations thesis?
Argues that culture is a major obstacle to democratisation.
122
Who developed the clash of civilisations thesis?
Samuel Huntington.
123
What does Huntington fail to recognize in his thesis?
The role of gender inequality and sexual liberalisation.
124
What methodology did Huntington use in his research?
World Values Survey 1995-2001.
125
What does Inglehart's theory state about human development?
It generates changed cultural attitudes in any society.
126
What are the two phases of modernisation discussed?
1. Industrialisation 2. Postindustrial phase.
127
What happens during the industrialisation phase according to modernisation theory?
Women enter the paid workforce and attain literacy and educational opportunities.
128
What does Huntington argue about the origins of modern democracy?
Principles originated in Western Europe with the separation of Church and State.
129
What is the credible commitment problem?
Occurs when an actor has an incentive to renege on a promise in the future.
130
What is the political resource curse?
Countries dependent on revenue from natural resources are unlikely to democratize.
131
What are the conditions under which foreign aid promotes democratisation?
1. Recipient country is dependent on aid 2. Donor wants to promote reform 3. Donor has credible threat to withdraw aid.
132
What is the relationship between economic inequality and democracy?
Economic inequality undermines democracy.
133
Fill in the blank: A _______ is an entity that uses coercion and the threat of force to rule in a given territory.
state
134
What does political culture refer to?
Cluster of attitudes in society.
135
What is the significance of social capital according to Putnam?
Greater social norms around reciprocity, trust, and social cooperation lead to better functioning institutions.
136
What is the Third Wave of democratization?
Starts in 1976 with Portugal and then Spain.
137
What was the role of Mikhail Gorbachev in the democratization of Eastern Europe?
Supported widespread reforms and liberalization in the USSR.
138
What is the impact of high inequality on democracy?
The rich have more to lose, making them less likely to accept democracy.
139
What are the main cultural determinants of democracy according to the constructivist argument?
Culture is constructed or invented rather than inherited.
140
What did Almond and Verba argue is required for democratic stability?
Civic culture.
141
What is the significance of the Velvet Revolution?
Truly bottom-up collective action in Czechoslovakia.
142
What does the term 'regime' refer to in political science?
The set of rules, norms, or institutions that determine government organization and decision-making.
143
What is the role of civil society in democratization according to Przeworski?
Emerges as society becomes complex and organized.
144
What is Huntington's Clash of Civilisations Thesis?
A theory suggesting that cultural differences, especially between Western and Islamic societies, lead to conflicts.
145
What are the central claims of the Clash of Civilisations thesis?
* Contemporary values are linked to culture and historical legacies.
* Significant cultural differences exist between Western and Islamic societies.
* These differences can lead to conflicts within and between nation-states.
146
What characterizes Western civilization according to the Clash of Civilisations thesis?
* Separation of religious and political authority.
* Representative democracy.
* Protection of rights.
147
What are some social values that challenge traditional beliefs in Western societies?
* Faith in science and technology.
* Belief in sexual liberalization.
* Equality for women.
148
True or False: Scholars argue for a single Islamic or Western culture.
False.
149
What factors contribute to the rise of radical Islamic fundamentalism?
Deep disparities between the rich and poor, particularly among uneducated and unemployed youth.
150
What does the modernization and social values theory suggest?
* Post-industrial societies support female equality and changed gender roles.
* Industrialization leads to women's workforce participation and lower fertility rates.
* Modernization results in declining values of traditional religious authority.
151
What did survey findings reveal about attitudes towards democracy in the Islamic world versus the West?
* Minimal difference in support for democratic ideals.
* Disapproval of strong leaders is common in both regions.
152
Fill in the blank: Countries with greater political rights and civil liberties, like _______ and _______ are less keen on strong leadership.
[Bangladesh, Turkey]
153
What is the political resource curse?
Countries reliant on natural resources struggle to democratize and often experience corruption and poor governance.
154
How does economic development relate to democracy according to modernization theory?
* Economic development encourages the emergence and survival of democracy.
* Dictatorships become unsustainable in developed societies.
155
What is the probability of a country transitioning to democracy if its GDP per capita is above $6000?
6 times greater than the probability of becoming dictatorial.
156
What is the relationship between economic elites and democracy in highly unequal societies?
Economic elites often block attempts at democratization.
157
What does the cultural modernization theory propose?
Socioeconomic development transforms societies, making them ready for democracy through cultural changes.
158
Name the three types of political culture identified by Almond and Verba.
* Parochial
* Subject
* Participant/civic
159
What is the only type of political culture compatible with democracy according to Almond and Verba?
Civic culture.
160
True or False: Cultural traits are fixed barriers to democracy according to the constructivist perspective.
False.
161
What are the implications of foreign aid on democracy?
* Foreign aid can increase government autonomy from citizen demands.
* It may prolong dictatorial rule by providing resources to maintain power.
162
What is the argument regarding inequality and democracy?
* Inequality provides incentives for the poor to redistribute wealth.
* It can make democracy appealing to the poor but costly to the rich.
163
How does the dependency on citizens with credible exit threats relate to government stability?
Governments dependent on citizens with credible exit threats are more likely to be democratic and have strong economies.
164
What can governments that rely on unearned income from natural resources avoid?
Raising taxes and thus reduce citizen demands for representation.
165
Fill in the blank: The theory that suggests societies pass through the same historical stages of economic development is called _______.
[Modernization Theory]
166
What role does the middle class play in democratic transitions?
Key actor and net contributor to the tax system, supporting democracy.
167
What is a major critique of the primordialist argument regarding culture and democracy?
It does not specify which parts of culture are incompatible with democracy.
168
What are the three types of political culture identified by Almond and Verba?
* Parochial
* Subject
* Participant/Civic
## Footnote
Only the civic culture is compatible with democracy, while parochial is aligned with tribal systems and subject culture with authoritarian regimes.
169
What are the components of a civic culture?
* Individual belief in influencing political decisions
* Positive feelings towards the political system
* High levels of interpersonal trust
* Preferences for gradual societal change
## Footnote
Inglehart (1990) also adds overall life satisfaction to these attitudes.
170
Which countries are identified as the most stable democracies?
US and UK
## Footnote
They most closely resemble the ideal civic culture.
171
What are the two dimensions of cross-cultural variation according to Inglehart and Welzel?
* Traditional values vs secular-rational values
* Survival values vs self-expression values
## Footnote
Traditional values include religion and national pride, while secular-rational values accept divorce and abortion.
172
What does socioeconomic development lead to in terms of cultural values?
A change from traditional and survival values to secular-rational and self-expression values
## Footnote
Industrialization and post-industrialization phases characterize this shift.
173
What are the issues with using surveys for research on sensitive topics?
* Respondents may conceal true beliefs
* Social desirability bias
* Differential item functioning
## Footnote
Respondents may interpret questions differently, leading to misleading results.
174
What is the purpose of the randomized response technique in surveys?
To allow respondents to answer sensitive questions truthfully by providing a probability mechanism
## Footnote
This technique helps mitigate the fear of retaliation or social pressure.
175
According to Max Weber, how does Protestantism relate to democracy?
It encourages economic development which supports democracy
## Footnote
Rodney Stark extends this idea to Christianity in general.
176
What is the main criticism of Catholicism regarding democracy?
Its emphasis on one truth and hierarchical structure is incompatible with democratic egalitarianism
## Footnote
Historical support for dictatorships by the Catholic Church is also noted.
177
What does Confucianism emphasize that may conflict with democratic values?
Respect for authority and communalism over individual rights
## Footnote
The Asian values debate highlights these tensions.
178
What is the ultimatum game in experimental economics?
A game where a proposer allocates money to a responder who can accept or reject the offer
## Footnote
If rejected, neither participant receives money.
179
What did Schumpeter define democracy as?
Competition over votes between rival groups of elites
## Footnote
This highlights the elite nature of political competition.
180
What are the criteria for a dichotomous measure of democracy according to Przeworski?
* The chief executive is elected
* The legislature is elected
* More than one party competes in elections
* An alternation in power under identical electoral rules has occurred
## Footnote
These criteria help define democratic systems.
181
What is the Polity Score used for?
To measure democracy based on various criteria including political participation and executive recruitment
## Footnote
The score ranges from -10 to +10.
182
What is the Modernization theory's main argument?
Democracy is related to the state of economic development
## Footnote
A larger middle class helps temper conflict and supports democratic processes.
183
What does the cultural argument suggest about democracy?
Civic and cultural norms are necessary for democracy to function
## Footnote
Lack of social trust can undermine democratic processes.
184
What is the significance of the Inglehart-Welzel model?
It divides cultures based on clusters related to democratic values
## Footnote
This helps in understanding different cultural attitudes towards democracy.
185
What is the relationship between inequality and democratic stability according to strategic bargains?
Higher inequality can lead to instability as the poor may feel more aggrieved and push for change
## Footnote
Conversely, lower inequality can make elites more amenable to democratic processes.
186
What is a key trend in democratic attitudes among younger generations?
A decline in support for democracy among those born in the 1980s and later
## Footnote
This trend raises concerns about the future of democratic governance.
187
What does a 'strong leader who does not have to bother with election' indicate?
A shift in public support towards authoritarian governance
## Footnote
This reflects a worrying trend in democratic attitudes.
188
What are the main explanations of democracy?
Economic development, cultural values, strategic bargains between social groups
## Footnote
These explanations highlight different factors influencing the establishment and sustainability of democratic systems.
189
What does strategic bargaining argue about inequality?
Inequality should lead to more instability.
190
Is there a debate in political science regarding income inequality and democratization?
Yes, whether income inequality undermines or reinforces democratization.
191
What trend is observed in attitudes towards democracy in many advanced democracies?
Democracy is under threat or has stalled.
192
What is the clash of civilisations thesis?
Argues that culture is a major obstacle to democratisation.
193
Who developed the clash of civilisations thesis?
Samuel Huntington.
194
What does Huntington fail to recognize in his thesis?
The role of gender inequality and sexual liberalisation.
195
What methodology did Huntington use in his research?
World Values Survey 1995-2001.
196
What does Inglehart's theory state about human development?
It generates changed cultural attitudes in any society.
197
What are the two phases of modernisation discussed?
1. Industrialisation 2. Postindustrial phase.
198
What happens during the industrialisation phase according to modernisation theory?
Women enter the paid workforce and attain literacy and educational opportunities.
199
What does Huntington argue about the origins of modern democracy?
Principles originated in Western Europe with the separation of Church and State.
200
What is the credible commitment problem?
Occurs when an actor has an incentive to renege on a promise in the future.
201
What is the political resource curse?
Countries dependent on revenue from natural resources are unlikely to democratize.
202
What are the conditions under which foreign aid promotes democratisation?
1. Recipient country is dependent on aid 2. Donor wants to promote reform 3. Donor has credible threat to withdraw aid.
203
What is the relationship between economic inequality and democracy?
Economic inequality undermines democracy.
204
Fill in the blank: A _______ is an entity that uses coercion and the threat of force to rule in a given territory.
state
205
What does political culture refer to?
Cluster of attitudes in society.
206
What is the significance of social capital according to Putnam?
Greater social norms around reciprocity, trust, and social cooperation lead to better functioning institutions.
207
What is the Third Wave of democratization?
Starts in 1976 with Portugal and then Spain.
208
What was the role of Mikhail Gorbachev in the democratization of Eastern Europe?
Supported widespread reforms and liberalization in the USSR.
209
What is the impact of high inequality on democracy?
The rich have more to lose, making them less likely to accept democracy.
210
What are the main cultural determinants of democracy according to the constructivist argument?
Culture is constructed or invented rather than inherited.
211
What did Almond and Verba argue is required for democratic stability?
Civic culture.
212
What is the significance of the Velvet Revolution?
Truly bottom-up collective action in Czechoslovakia.
213
What does the term 'regime' refer to in political science?
The set of rules, norms, or institutions that determine government organization and decision-making.
214
What is the role of civil society in democratization according to Przeworski?
Emerges as society becomes complex and organized.
