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Introduction to Logic (UNO) > 2: What is Logic? > Flashcards

2: What is Logic? Flashcards

1
Q

What is logic?

A

The study of the principles and methods used to distinguish good (permissible, correct) reasoning from bad (impermissible, incorrect) reasoning.

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2
Q

What is the difference between descriptive and normative disciplines?

A
  1. Descriptive tells you how things were, are and will be
  2. Normative tells you how things ought to be, should be or must be (permissible/impermissible)
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3
Q

What is critical thinking?

A
  • purposeful, reflective, mental activity directed at ASKING QUESTIONS and SOLVING PROBLEMS.
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4
Q

What are some examples of critical thinking questions?

A
  • What would happen if I do x ?
  • What should we do? Why?
  • What do you mean?
  • Why do you believe that?
  • Is what you believe more reasonable than what I believe?
  • By saying x , aren’t you assuming y?
  • If you assume x , then doesn’t follow y?
  • Can you show me that what you say is true?
  • Can you prove it?
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5
Q

What is an argument?

A
  • a set of statements where the truth of one is supposed to follow from the other(s)
  • Good arguments are the medium through which we plan, explain, persuade, convince, show, demonstrate, and prove things successfully through language.
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6
Q

What are the two parts of every argument?

A
  • premises (or evidence)
    • the reasons or assumptions offered to show that the conclusion is true
  • conclusion (or claim)
    • the single statement asserted to be true on the basis of the evidence
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7
Q

What does the symbol ∴ means?

A

It is read “therefore”

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8
Q

What is the difference between a valid and an invalid argument?

A
  • Whenever it is impossible for a claim to be false when its evidence is true, the argument is valid.
  • Whenever it is possible for a claim to be false when its evidence is true, the argument is invalid.
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9
Q

What is a sound argument?

A
  • a valid argument with true premises
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10
Q

What is the hard part of offering good premises?

A
  • offering evidence whose collective truth shows that a claim is true.
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11
Q

What is the difference between natural and formal languages?

A
  • Natural = Spanish, German, English
  • Formal = “artificial” (symbolic) languages
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12
Q

What is the importance of languages in logic?

A
  • The language required to use the methods of a logic determines whether that logic is informal or formal, and if the latter, what type.
    • Informal logic requires using a natural language.
    • Formal logic requires using an artificial one.
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13
Q

What is the RIFUT rule?

A
  • The basis of our procedure for evaluating whether an argument is good in the fullest sense of the word.
  • Relevant to the claim logically,
  • Independent of the claim,
  • Free of dubious assumptions,
  • Unambiguous, and
  • True.
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14
Q

What is a cogent as opposed to a fallacious argument?

A
  • cogent = an argument is good in the fullest sense of the word
  • fallacious = an argument that commits an error in reasoning.
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15
Q

What is sentential logic?

A
  • Artificial language where capital letters take the place of atomic statements
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16
Q

What are deductive arguments?

A
  • its conclusion “follows necessarily” from its evidence if and only if the argument is valid.
    • There is a necessary connection between the truth of the evidence and the truth of the claim.
17
Q

What is deductive logic?

A
  • Study of principles and methods used to distinguish good deductive reasoning from bad deductive reasoning. This may be done informally or formally.
  • classical logic, sentential logic, and predicate logic are formal deductive logics.
18
Q

What is an inductive argument?

A
  • its conclusion follows from its evidence just in case the evidence makes the conclusion more likely to be true than not.
  • It does not “follow necessarily”
  • Such arguments are deemed as “strong.” If an inductive argument is not strong, it is weak.
19
Q

What is the problem of induction?

A
  • no accumulation of evidence and no amount of experience will ever — EVER — guarantee that events in the future will unfold as they did in the past
20
Q

What is formal logic?

A
  • symbolic study of the principles and methods used to distinguish good reasoning from bad reasoning
21
Q

What is formal system?

A
  • a formal language together with its logical principles and methods
22
Q

What is inductive logic?

A
  • the study of principles and methods used to distinguish good inductive reasoning from bad inductive reasoning
23
Q

What is unreasonable?

A
  • something that violates good reasoning or judgment

Introduction to Logic (UNO) (4 decks)

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