2 TYPES ODF STANDARDS Flashcards
are rules unrelated to MORAL or ETHICAL
considerations.
Non- Moral Standards
are norms, prescriptions or rules
used in determining what ought to
be done or what is right or wrong
action, what is good or bad
character.
Moral Standards
CONSEQUENCE STANDARDS
-TEOLOGICAL
NON- CONSEQUENCE
STANDARDS
-DEONTOLOGICAL
Moral Standards has 4 components
- Natural Law
- Sense of Duty
- Virtue Ethics
- Situation Ethics
is the law of God revealed
through human reason.
It is the “law of God written in
the hearts of men.”
The rule which says “do good
and avoid evil
Natural Law
What is moral is “what a
virtuous person does”.
One attains virtue when he/she
actualizes his/her potentials or
possibilities, the highest of
which is HAPPINESS.
Virtue Ethics
(Aristotle)
The rightness or the wrongness
of the act depends on the
SITUATION or CIRCUMSTANCES
requiring or demanding
exception to rule
Situation Ethics
is a situation where a person has the moral
obligation to choose between TWO OPTIONS both
based on moral standards, but he/she can’t choose
both, and choosing means violating the other.
MORAL DILEMMA
-THe agent is required to do each of two (or more)
-actions which are morally unacceptable.
-The agent can do each of the actions.
-But the agent cannot do both (or all) of the actions.
Moral Dilemma have the following in common
Is a situation where the decision-maker
has a moral duty to do one thing, but is
tempted or under pressure to do
something else.
FALSE DILEMMA
refers to personal dilemmas. It is an
individual’s damn-if-you-do and
damn-if- you-don’t situation.
1.Individual Dilemma
Exists between PERSONAL INTEREST and
ORGANIZATION WELFARE
Organizational Dilemma
A conflict of perspective of sectors, groups and
institutions that may be affected by the decision.
Structural Dilemma
In effect local governments and
schools have likewise become MORE
DIFFERENTIATED and so it becomes
more difficult to INTEGRATE them for a
unified structure.
Differentiation
vs Integration
leave an important thing in
an organization UNDONE.
GAPS-
unnecessary and
counterproductive, redundant
procedures which ultimately lead to
waste of resources.
OVERLAPS
When employees are
UNCLEAR about what they are supposed
to do, they often tailor their roles around
PERSONAL PREFERENCES.
Lack of Clarity-
When responsibilities
are over-defined, people conform to
PRESCRIBED ROLES and PROTOCOLS in
“bureaucratic way.
Lack of Creativity-
You accommodate by BENDING RULES to
help someone or you STICK STRICTLY TO
RULES no matter what and so unable to
help someone who is thrown in a helpless
situation.
Flexibility vs. Strict
Adherence to Rules
Refers to being TOO ISOLATED versus TOO MUCH
COORDINATION.
Excessive Autonomy vs.
Excessive Interdependence
in decentralized decision making, organizations can
response to change RAPIDLY and EFFECTIVELY
because the decision makers are the people CLOSEST
TO THE SITUATION.
Centralized vs.
Decentralized Decision
Making
MORAL- Comes from the Latin
“MORES”
“MORES”
PATTERNS,
STANDARDS & RULES
AGENT- Comes from the Latin
“AGERE to
do act.
Is one who performs an act in accordance
with moral standards.
Is the MORAL ACTOR, on who acts
morally.
Only moral agent is capable of human
acts. That’s why “morality is for persons”.
A moral agent should have the capacity
to rise above their feelings and passions
and y act for the sake of the moral law.
Hence, a dog is not therefore a moral
agent because it doesn’t have the
capacity to conform to moral standards.
It cannot knowingly, freely and
voluntarily act.
MORAL AGENT
Basis of Moral
Accountability 3 parts
Knowledge
Freedom
Voluntariness
