2. Types and Styles of Wine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three Types of Wine?

A
  • Still
  • Sparkling
  • Fortified
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2
Q

Describe a ‘Still’ wine.

A
  • Still, not sparkling(!)
  • Between 8 - 15% ABV, with the majority between 11.5% and 14% ABV.
  • May be named after the region in which they were produced, or after the grape variety used to make them (eg. Pinot Grigio).
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3
Q

Give some examples of still wines from:

i. France
ii. Spain
iii. Italy

A

i. France: Sancerre, Burgundy
ii. Spain: Rioja
iii. Italy: Chianti

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4
Q

Describe a ‘Sparkling’ wine.

A
  • Bubbly or fizzy wines
  • The fizz is caused by Carbon Dioxide gas that is produced during fermentation and trapped in the wine.
  • When the bottle is opened, the gas escapes as bubbles in the wine.
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5
Q

List some examples of sparkling wines from:

i. France
ii. Spain
iii. Italy

A

i. France: Champagne
ii. Spain: Cava
iii. Italy: Prosecco

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6
Q

Where are sparkling wines made?

A

All over the world!

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7
Q

Describe a ‘Fortified’ wine.

A
  • These wines have had extra alcohol added to them and therefore have higher levels of alcohol (ranging from 15% - 22% ABV).
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8
Q

List some examples of fortified wines from:

i. Spain
ii. Portugal

A

i. Spain: Sherry

ii. Portugal: Port

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9
Q

Which features might contribute to a wine’s style?

A

The style of a wine is generally a combination of its colour, structural characteristics, and aromas and flavours.

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10
Q

What determines the colour of a wine?

A
  • Grape variety used

- The way the wine is made

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11
Q

Which grapes are typically used to make White wine?

A

White grapes BUT it is possible to make a white wine from black grapes. The colour in black grapes is in the skins. Therefore, if the skins are separated from the juice before fermentation, a white wine can be made.

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12
Q

List some examples of white wine.

A
  • Chablis from France

- Wines made from the Riesling grape

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13
Q

Which grapes are used to make red wine?

A

Black Grapes: The coloured grape skins stay with the grape juice during fermentation, bringing colour to the wine.

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14
Q

List some examples of Red wine.

A
  • Rioja from Spain

- Wines made from the Cabernet Sauvignon grape

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15
Q

Which grapes are used to make Rosé wine?

A

Black grapes: The grape juice is left in contact with the grape skins for a short period before the juice is drained.
The juice is only lightly coloured by the skins as a result.

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16
Q

Give an example of Rosé wine.

A

White Zinfandel

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17
Q

What is sweetness in a wine caused by?

A

The presence of sugar in a wine.

  • Dry wines have no sugar, or very low levels.
  • Sweet wines have high levels of sugar.
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18
Q

What makes a ‘dry’ wine dry?

A

In order to make a dry wine, the yeast need to convert all the sugar in the grape juice into alcohol.

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19
Q

Give an example of dry white wine.

A
  • Chablis from France

- Wines made with Sauvignon Blanc

20
Q

Give an example of dry red wine.

A
  • Côtes du Rhône from France
  • Chianti from Italy
  • Wines made with Cabernet Sauvignon
21
Q

Which wines tend to have a ‘medium sweetness’?

A
  • Most wines that have a medium level of sweetness are either white or rosé.
22
Q

What are the 2 key ways to make a wine with a medium level of sweetness?

A
  • The yeast are removed before all of the sugar is converted to alcohol.

or

  • Unfermented grape juice is added to dry white wine.
23
Q

Give some examples of wines with a medium level sweetness.

A
  • Riesling from Germany
  • some Sherries
  • White Zinfandel (Rosé) from California.
24
Q

What are the key characteristics of a Sweet Wine?

A

Sweet wines have so much sugar in them that they can feel thick and syrupy.

25
Q

Describe the 2 key ways of making a sweet wine.

A
  • The grapes are so high in sugar the yeast stop fermenting before they eat all of the sugar

OR

  • In the case of fortified wines, the yeast are killed by the addition of high-strength distilled alcohol before they have eaten all the sugar.
26
Q

Give some examples of sweet wine.

A
  • Sauternes from France
  • some Riesling wines from Germany
  • Sweet fortified wines include Port and some Sherries.
27
Q

Where does the acidity in a wine come from?

A

Acidity in wine comes directly from the grape juice.

28
Q

Why is acidity in a wine important?

A

Acidity in a wine gives wines a refreshing characteristic.

29
Q

How might you recognise acidity in a wine?

A

It will make your mouth water.

30
Q

How does the level of acidity in a wine affect taste?

A
  • Too much acidity can make a wine taste unpleasantly acidic.
  • If there is too little acidity, a wine loses its refreshing characteristic.
31
Q

Give some examples of wines with high acidity.

A
  • Chablis
  • Chianti
  • Wines made from grape varieties including Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon or Pinot Noir.
32
Q

Why is acid very important in sweet wines?

A

Acid in sweet wines balances out the sweetness, stopping a wine from being unpleasantly sweet.

33
Q

What is ‘tannin’?

A

Tannin is a characteristic of red wines that comes from the skins of the grapes. The level of tannin in a wine depends on the grape variety that is used and how the wine is made.

34
Q

What do Tannins taste like?

A

Tannins can taste bitter, but mostly they are a structural characteristic of a wine that you feel rather than taste. Tannins cause your mouth to feel dry.

35
Q

Give 2 examples of red wines with high tannin levels.

A
  • Bordeaux from France

- Chianti from Italy

36
Q

Give 2 examples of red wines with low tannin levels.

A
  • Beaujolais from France

- Wines made from Pinot Noir

37
Q

What range of %ABV do the majority of still and sparkling wines have?

A

Between 11.5 - 14% ABV

However, some wines can reach as high as 15% abv, whilst others can be as low as 8% abv.

38
Q

Give an example of:

i. Wine with a high level of alcohol
ii. Wine with a low level of alcohol

A

i. High: Châteauneuf-du-Pape from France

ii. Low: White Zinfandel from California

39
Q

What does the term ‘body’ mean in the context of wine?

A

Body is a term that is widely used to describe the overall feel of a wine in your mouth.
There are many factors that contribute towards this effect and so it is easier to ask yourself how ‘mouth-filling’ the wine is.
Full-bodied wines feel viscous and mouth-filling.
Light-bodied wines feel more delicate.

40
Q

List 2 examples of light-bodied wines.

A
  • Pinot Grigio from Italy

- Beaujolais

41
Q

Give 2 examples of medium-bodied wines.

A
  • Sancerre

- Côtes-du-Rhône

42
Q

Give 2 examples of full-bodied wines.

A
  • Cabernet Sauvignon from California

- Sauternes

43
Q

Where do the aromas and flavours in wines come from?

A
  • Some flavours come from the grapes themselves

- Other flavours develop during winemaking and maturation.

44
Q

A wine is made with the grape variety Cabernet Sauvignon. What aromas might you expect?

A
  • Blackcurrant
45
Q

Fruit flavours / aromas in a wine are influenced by the ripeness of grapes.
How might these differ in the Chardonnay if:
i. grapes were grown in a cool climate?
ii. grapes were grown in a warm climate?

A

Chardonnay Wine flavours / aromas

i. Cool climate grapes: Wine = green fruits (apple) and citrus fruits (lemon)
ii. Warm climate grapes: Wine = stone fruits (peach) and tropical fruits (pineapple).

46
Q

Wine can be fermented and/or matured in oak barrels. Oak gives wine flavours. List 4 of these flavours.

A
  • Cedar
  • Cloves
  • Coconut
  • Vanilla
47
Q

What ‘other’ aromas / flavours might be found in wines?

A
  • Grass
  • Flowers
  • Herbs
  • Vegetables
  • Earth
  • Mushroom
  • Leather