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Infectious Disease > 2: Tropical Infection > Flashcards

2: Tropical Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What is malaria

A

Infection parasite plasmodium

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2
Q

Where do the majority of cases of malaria occur

A

African

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3
Q

What causes most deaths from malaria worldwide

A

Plasmodium Falciparum

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4
Q

Where is plasmodium falciparum found the most

A

Africa

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5
Q

What is plasmodium vivax

A

Central America - most dominant parasite outside of of Africa

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6
Q

Where does plasmodium vivax cause most cases

A

Central America

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7
Q

Where is plasmodium knowlesi found

A

South East Asia

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8
Q

What causes malaria

A

bit of anopheles mosquito

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9
Q

What is the incubation period of plasmodium falciparum

A

6-days

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10
Q

When does plasmodium falciparum occur

A

3-months on returning from hot country

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11
Q

Does plasmdium falciparum have a liver stage

A

No

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12
Q

Describe plasmodium falciparum severity

A

Causes most-severe illness

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13
Q

How do you remember plasmodium falciparum causes severe malaria

A

plasmodium Falciparum = Fucking bad malaria

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of benign malaria

A

plasmodium vivax

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15
Q

What is the incubation period of plasmodium vivax

A

14 days

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16
Q

Does plasmodium vivax have a liver stage

A

Yes

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17
Q

What is plasmodium malaria associated with

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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18
Q

Does plasmodium malaria have a liver stage

A

No

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19
Q

what is the incubation period of plasmodium malaria

A

30-days

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20
Q

what is the incubation period of plasmodium ovale

A

11-days

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21
Q

does plasmodium ovale have a liver stage

A

Yes

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22
Q

what is the incubation period of plasmodium knowlesi

A

9-days

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23
Q

does plasmodium knowlesi have a liver stage

A

No

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24
Q

what are risk factors for malaria

A

Immunocompromised

Pregnant

25
Q

what are 3 protective factors for malaria

A

G6PD
Sickle Cell trait
Absence duffy antigen

26
Q

why is G6PD a protective factor for malaria

A

Increases RBC lysis due to oxidative stress - increases chance that infective cells are lysed

27
Q

why is absence of Duffy antigen protective

A

duffy antigen is required for plasmodium vivax to enter cells

28
Q

what is Duffy antigen absent in

A

sickle cell anaemia

29
Q

what are symptoms of malaria

A
  • Flu like

- Fever

30
Q

what causes a tertian fever

A
  • Ovale

- Vivax

31
Q

what is a tertian fever

A

Fever on every third day

32
Q

what is a quartan fever

A

Fever on every fourth day

33
Q

what has a quartan fever

A

Malaria

34
Q

in which malaria is fever irregular

A
  • Ovale

- Knowlesi

35
Q

aside from cyclical fevers, how does malaria present

A
  • Paleness
  • Bleeding
  • GI: diarrhoea and abdominal pain
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Jaundice
36
Q

what is the problem with malaria

A

it has several non-specific symptoms and is easily missed - therefore suspect all individuals who return from endemic region with fever

37
Q

in the mosquito, what is malaria called

A

sporozoite

38
Q

what happens to sporozoites in the liver

A

become schizogony

39
Q

what happens to sporozoites in falciparum, malaria and knowlesi

A

become merozoites

40
Q

what happens to sporozoites in vivax and ovale

A

Enter the liver where they remain dormant for months-years as hypnozites

41
Q

what happens to merozites

A

enter RBC where they undergo asexual reproduction to form trophozoites, then schizont

42
Q

what then happens

A

another female mosquito bites they take up the RBC containing gametes - they mature in the mosquitos gut and undergo sexual reproduction

43
Q

what investigation is used for malaria

A

thick and thin blood-smears

44
Q

when is malaria unlikely

A

3 negative blood films

45
Q

what indicates severe malaria on blood film

A

schizonts

46
Q

what is used as an initial screen

A

rapid diagnostic test

47
Q

how will malaria present on FBC

A

haemolytic anaemia

48
Q

how is moderate plasmodium falciparum managed

A

Artemisin based combination therapy

49
Q

what indicates individual with falciparum needs severe management

A

> 2% parasite count

50
Q

how is severe falciparum managed

A

IV artesunate

51
Q

if parasite count is above 10%, what is offered

A

Plasma exchange therapy

52
Q

how is non-falciparum managed

A

Artemisin based combination therapy

53
Q

what should not be given to pregnant women

A

Artemisin based combination therapy

54
Q

what should patients with vivax and ovale be given

A

Primaquine

55
Q

name a artemisia based combination therapy

A

artemether and lumefantrine

56
Q

what can be given as prophylaxis for malaria

A

Chloroquine and proguanil

57
Q

what advice should pregnant women be given about travelling to areas with malaria

A

Do not travel - if unable to avoid take chloroquine or proguanil and folate

58
Q

what can be used as prophylaxis for malaria in children over 2-months

A

DEET

Infectious Disease (8 decks)

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