2. The Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two main parts of the human skeleton?
A
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
2
Q
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
A
80 bones
3
Q
What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?
A
Supporting and protecting the organs of the head, neck, and trunk
4
Q
What are the components of the axial skeleton?
A
- Skull
- Vertebral Column
- Rib Cage
- Hyoid Bone
5
Q
How many bones compose the skull?
A
22 bones
6
Q
What are the two types of bones that make up the skull?
A
- Cranial bones
- Facial bones
7
Q
How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
A
33 vertebrae
8
Q
What regions make up the vertebrae?
A
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccygeal
9
Q
What does the rib cage consist of?
A
12 pairs of ribs and the sternum
10
Q
What is the function of the hyoid bone?
A
Supports the tongue and is associated with swallowing
11
Q
What is the location and function of the clavicle?
A
Shoulder; connects the arm to the body and stabilizes shoulder movements
12
Q
Describe the scapula.
A
Flat, triangular bone that connects the humerus with the clavicle
13
Q
What is the sternum also known as?
A
Breastbone
14
Q
What do the ribs protect?
A
Thoracic organs such as the heart and lungs
15
Q
What is the function of the sacrum?
A
Forms the back of the pelvis
16
Q
What is the coccyx also referred to as?
A
Tailbone
17
Q
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
A
126 bones
18
Q
What is the primary role of the appendicular skeleton?
A
Involved in movement and interaction with the environment
19
Q
What are the components of the appendicular skeleton?
A
- Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
- Upper Limbs
- Pelvic Girdle
- Lower Limbs
20
Q
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
A
- Clavicles
- Scapulae
21
Q
What bones are included in the upper limbs?
A
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
22
Q
What bones form the pelvic girdle?
A
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
23
Q
What bones are included in the lower limbs?
A
- Femur
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
24
Q
What is the longest and strongest bone in the body?
A
Femur
25
What is the function of the patella?
Protects the knee joint and improves leverage of thigh muscles
26
What is the tibia also known as?
Shinbone
27
What is the function of the fibula?
Provides stability to the ankle and supports lower leg muscles
28
What do tarsals form?
The ankle and part of the foot's arch
29
How many phalanges are in each finger?
Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) except for the thumb which has two
30
How many phalanges are in each toe?
Three phalanges except for the big toe which has two
31
What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
Provides structural framework, supports and protects organs, enables movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.
32
What are the main components of the skeletal system?
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.
33
What role does the skeletal system play in support?
Maintains body shape and posture by supporting muscles, skin, and organs.
34
Which part of the skeletal system supports the body's weight and allows for upright posture?
Vertebral column (spine).
35
How do bones facilitate movement?
Bones act as levers that muscles pull on to create movement.
36
What are joints, and what is their role in movement?
Joints function as pivots that allow bones to move in various directions.
37
Give an example of a hinge joint.
Elbow joint.
38
What type of joint allows movement in multiple planes?
Ball-and-socket joint.
39
List some types of movements facilitated by joints.
* Flexion
* Extension
* Abduction
* Adduction
* Rotation
40
What is one of the key protective functions of the skeletal system?
Protects vital organs from injury.
41
Which part of the skeletal system protects the brain?
Skull.
42
What does the ribcage protect?
Heart and lungs.
43
What do the vertebrae protect?
Spinal cord.
44
Bones serve as a reservoir for which essential minerals?
* Calcium
* Phosphorus
45
What is the significance of calcium in the skeletal system?
Maintains bone density and strength.
46
What is hematopoiesis?
Production of blood cells in the bone marrow.
47
What are the two types of bone marrow?
* Red marrow
* Yellow marrow
48
What does red marrow produce?
* Red blood cells
* White blood cells
* Platelets
49
What is the primary composition of yellow marrow?
Fat.
50
True or False: Yellow marrow cannot convert to red marrow.
False.
51
Fill in the blank: The bones release _______ into the bloodstream to maintain homeostasis.
minerals
52
What are bones?
Rigid structures that make up the human skeleton, providing support, protection, and facilitating movement.
53
How many bones are in the adult human body?
206 bones
54
What are the two main components of bone tissue?
* Mineral components (mostly calcium and salts)
* Organic components
55
What is the process that bones undergo throughout a person's life?
Remodeling
56
What happens to bones at birth?
Bones are made up of cartilage
57
What does calcium do to cartilage as a baby grows?
It hardens the cartilage to become bone
58
What is the outer layer of bone called?
Compact Bone
59
What percentage of bone mass in the human body is made up of compact bone?
Approximately 80%
60
What is the structure inside compact bone called?
Spongy Bone
61
What is the function of spongy bone?
Helps absorb shock and reduces the overall weight of the skeleton.
62
What is found within the cavities of certain bones?
Bone Marrow
63
What are the two types of bone marrow?
* Red Marrow
* Yellow Marrow
64
What is the primary function of red marrow?
Producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
65
What is primarily composed of fat cells?
Yellow Marrow
66
True or False: Bones are static and do not change over time.
False
67
Fill in the blank: Bones support the weight of the entire _______.
body
68
What does the honeycomb-like structure of spongy bone contribute to?
Lightness and shock absorption
69
What happens to the skeleton every two years?
It renews itself
70
What type of bone is particularly important for weight-bearing functions?
Compact Bone
71
What external pressures do bones endure?
* Lifting boxes
* Resistance from muscle contraction
72
The 5 categories of bones
Long Bones
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Sesamoid Bones
73
Give an example of each bone
Long Bones - femur, humerus
Short Bones - Carpals, Tarsals
Flat Bones - Sternum, Scapulae, Ribs
Irregular Bones - Vertebrae, Sacrum, Pelvic Bones
Sesamoid Bones - Patella
74
Function of Long Bones
Long bones are crucial for movement, as they act as
levers that muscles pull on to produce motion. They also
provide support and structure
75
Function of Short bones
These bones provide stability and support while allowing
for some limited movement.
76
Function of Flat bones
Flat bones provide protection for internal organs and
serve as attachment sites for muscles.
77
Function of Irregular bones
These bones have various functions, including protection,
support, and muscle attachment
78
Function of Sesamoid bones
These bones help protect tendons from stress and wear,
and they improve the mechanical advantage of muscles
by altering the direction of muscle forces.
79
Describe cartilage
Cartilage is a flexible, rubbery tissue that cushions bones at joints and allows smooth movement. It also provides structure to
certain parts of the body, such as the nose, ears, and the intervertebral discs in the spine.
80
3 Types of cartilage
hyaline (found on the surfaces of joints),
elastic (found in structures like the ear), and
fibrocartilage (found in intervertebral discs and menisci)
81
Describe Joint
Joints are the locations where two or more bones meet, allowing movement and flexibility
82
3 Types of joints
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
83
Fibrous Joints:
Immovable or slightly movable, such as the sutures in the skull. These joints have no joint cavity and are connected
via fibrous connective tissue. The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints.
84
Cartilaginous Joints
Allow limited movement, such as the joints between the vertebrae. These joints also have no joint cavity and
the bones are connected tightly to each other with cartilage.
85
Synovial Joints
Most of the joints in the body are synovial joints. These joints are "freely moveable" and are characterised by being
surrounded by an articular capsule which contains the synovial fluid. Synovial fluid lubricates the joints, supplies nutrients to the
cartilage and it contains cells that remove microbes and debris within the joint cavity. Because of the larger range of movements of
these joints, there is an increased risk of injury eg dislocations. Synovial joints are located predominantly in limbs.Many synovial joints
also have ligaments either inside or outside the capsule.
