2. The Nature Of Crime Flashcards
Who were vagrants ?
-Someone who wonders from place to place without a settles home or job
-sharp rise in poverty during the 16th century so there was an increase in vagrants
What was a vagabond ?
-Wandering beggars who turned to crime
-rising number especially during the reign of Elizabeth l
What was an angler (type of vagrant) ?
Used a hooked stick to reach through windows and steal goods
What was a counterfeit crank (type of vagrant)?
Dressed in tatty clothes and pretended to suffer from falling sickness to get money out of pity
What was a clapper dudgeon (type of vagrant) ?
Tied arsenic to their skin in order to make it bleed and attract sympathy while begging
What’s an Abraham man (type of vagrant) ?
Pretended to be mad in order to attract donations through pity
How did the Tudor government deal with the problems of vagrancy ?
-flogging or branding them
-making towns tackle the problem
-making it the duty of the local parish to provide aid for its poor but also punish vagabonds
What’s heresy ?
-refusing to follow the official religion
-often punishable by death
What was religion like under Henry Vlll ?
-split the Catholic Church and made himself head of England
-those refusing to accept were executed
What was religion like under Edward Vl ?
-Widened the split with the Catholic Church
-made laws requiring people to worship in a more Protestant way
What was religion like under Mary ?
-wanted to make English a catholic country again
-ordered the burning of Protestants for heresy
What was religion like under Elizabeth l ?
-Made compromises towards catholics but remained firmly Protestant
-catholics were fined for not attending church and those plotting to kill the queen were executed for treason
When was Henry Vlll in power ?
1509-1547
When was Edward Vl in power ?
1547-1553
When was Mary in power ?
1553-1558
When was Elizabeth l in power ?
1558-1603
What did the people who strongly believed on their faith do and didn’t want to accept the swings in religion ?
-Some went into exile abroad
-others were willing to die for what they believed
-others learned to keep quiet and pretended to conform
Who was a Protestants that was put to death in Wales during Mary’s reign for not converting to Catholicism ?
-Rawlins White- burned at Cardiff in 1555
What school teacher was executed for spreading Catholicism ?
-Richard Gwyn from Llanidloes was executed in Wrexham 1584
What is smuggling ?
-secret trade in goods to avoid paying custom duties
Why did people smuggle ?
-made criminals considerable amounts of money on the black market as they were able to sell goods for much cheaper than in shops and markets
In gangs of about 50-100 people what were the jobs ?
-Venturer- investor
-spotsman- responsible for directing the ship to shore
-lander- arranged the unloading of the smuggles cargo
-tubsman- carried goods
-batsman- protected the tubsman
Why was there an increase in smuggling ?
-change in government policy over customs and duties
Why did smuggling decrease ?
-government reduced duties to make smuggling unprofitable
What were two notable welsh smugglers ?
-William Owen- operated smuggling gangs along cardigan bay during 1720s and 1730s
-Siôn cwilt- operated along Cardiganshire coast across the mid eighteenth century
What’s highway robbery ?
-stopping people as they travel along a road, usually in a coach and robbing them
What was a footpad ?
-robbers that attacked pedestrians
Who was one glamorised highway robber ?
-Dick Turpin
Why did highway robbery decline ?
-roads became much busier
-bank notes had to be cashed in and could be traced
-in London, a horse patrol was set up in 1805 to guard the main roads
What’s the Industrial Revolution ?
-a time if great change where people began to make goods in factories using machines
What’s a tithe ?
-a tax paid by farmers of one-tenth of their produce/ income
What did industrialisation and urbanisation lead to ?
- people moved from close knit rural communities to overcrowded towns with much more opportunity for crime
What is a rookery ?
-an area notorious for criminal activity
-St Giles in central London
What were some examples of criminal activity in rookeries ?
-Thimble screwers- stole pocket watches from their chains
-prop nailers- stole pins and brooches from women
-drag sneaks- stole goods or luggage from carts and coaches
What happened with Luddism 1812-13 ?
-attacks on factory machines in northern England with handloom weavers protesting over new factory based machine woven cloth
What happened during the swing riots (1830-31) ?
-agricultural labourers set fire to and smashed machines- they were angry about their poverty and the introduction of farm machinery
What happened during the Rebecca Riots ?
-gangs of poor farmers disguised as women to high their identity, attacked tollgates in south west wales
-angry about increased rents, tithe payments and tolls
-1839-1843
What happened during the Scotch Cattle ?
-during 1830s colliers with blackened faces and wearing animal skins attacked the property of industrialists in south wales
-they called for strikes to protest against the truck system, high rents and wage reductions
What were the Chartist protests (1839) ?
-Chartists campaigned for a reform of parliament and the granting of the vote to all men over 21
-in April 1839 a Chartist uprising in Llanidloes involved an attack on the Treythen Arms Hotel
-In November 1839 three Chartist leaders including John Frost and William Jones led a march through the valleys to Newport. A disturbance took place outside the Westgate Hotel which resulted in 8 Chartists being shot dead by soldiers (Newport rising)
What has the increase of the numbers of cars on roads led to ?
-new laws for regulating motorised transport such as speed limits
-recent law 2023 made speed limit 20mph on roads in pedestrian areas in wales
What are some common motoring offences/crime ?
-dangerous and careless driving- parking violation or speeding
-driving without a license- no car insurance or vehicle tax
-failing to stop after an accident- not reporting accidents
-driving while being over the legal limit for alcohol
-not wearing a seatbelt
What are some cyber crimes ?
-Cyber bullying- repeated threatening and hostile behaviour through internet to intimidate/ hurt someone
-Sexual crimes- child grooming through chat rooms, sharing of illegal images of children, pictures without consent
-copyright infringement- illegally downloading music and films
-hacking- gaining unauthorised access to the private records of an individual or organisation
-phishing scams- using spoof emails to trick people into revealing important information like bank details, address etc
-identity theft- stealing a persons identity and pretending to be somebody else to steal money etc
What is a terrorist ?
-someone that uses a range of methods to push their political beliefs
-these include hijackings, assassinations, taking hostages, bombings, suicide attacks
What happened in Arndale Shopping centre in 1996?
-in Manchester
-IRA bombed it
Who are the IRA ?
-seeking the end of British rule in Northern Ireland and the reunification of Ireland
What were the 7/7 attacks ?
-7 July 2005
-series of suicide bomb attacks on Londons public transport network
-links to al-Qaeda
What is a terrorist group operated in Wales ?
-Mudiad Amddifyn Cymru (Movement for the defence of wales)
- between 1963 and 1969 attempted a number of bombings including attempting to disrupt the investiture of Prince Charles but their bomb exploded prematurely
What is another terrorist group operated in wales ?
-sons of Glyndwr
-during the 1980s and 1990s they targeted non welsh speakers moving into Welsh communities
-carried out arson campaign against holiday homes
What is a hate crime ?
-range from criminal damage and vandalism to harassment
-victims targeted for race, sexuality, religion
-most common type motivates by racism
-growth in religiously motivated hate crimes
What is a hooligan ?
-a person who acts in a violent way and causes damage often without thinking
What’s hooliganism ?
-often in gangs
-violence normalised
-football hooliganism became particular problem in 1970s
-for example- 1985 fighting between British and Italian fans caused a wall to collapse in Heysel Stadium in Belgium killing 38 people
What’s a mule ?
-someone who agrees to carry illegal drugs into another country in return for payment
What’s drug trafficking?
-prominent in late twentieth century
-planes, boats, truck and people (mules) are used by gangs to smuggle illegal drugs into the UK
-use violence to protect their patch
What’s gun and knife crime ?
-associated with drug gangs
-linked to juvenile gangs
-gang members sometimes carry knifes and guns sometimes as protection
