2 - the influence of physical factors on the development of two or more countries

Question 1

name some resource rich areas in africa

Answer 1

ALGERIA = rich in oil/gas
SIERRA LEONE = diamonds
ANGOLA = oil and diamonds
SOUTH AFRICA = gold, diamond, uranium, manganese
EGYPT = oil/gas

Question 2

is nigeria mineral rich? if so what are some minerals it has?

Answer 2

• marble
• copper
• chromite/nickel
• gemstones

Question 3

where are nigeria’s oil reserves found

Answer 3

centred around the Ijaws ethnic group

Question 4

soils stats for africa

Answer 4

55% of all land in Africa unsuitable for any agriculture except nomadic grazing, most of this land is in deserts

16% of the continent has soils of high quality and 13% has soils of medium quality

9 million km2 of land supports over 500m people

Question 5

resource status of sierra leone

Answer 5

exam spec says sierra is a resource poor area however the diamonds in the area suggest it is an area of riches rather than poverty

Question 6

analysis of the IMF report

Answer 6

Nigeria is the 4th most endowed Sub-Saharan country (potential exports).

However, the countries of Seychelles and Mauritius have no export basis but with heightening HDI/GNI due to growing tourism and quaternary sectors

Question 7

where are some of the richest soils

Answer 7

congo rift valley

Question 8

how much gdp and investment comes from agriculture

Answer 8

25% of total GDP in Africa comes from agriculture but they only receive 5% investment.

For every piece of currency invested in land restoration products, you get 5x back

LARGEST AGRICULTURE IS IN KENYA

Question 9

what causes land degradation in kenya

Answer 9

• Overstock of livestock = soil erosion
• Climate change, too much rain in too short or droughts
• Over cultivation
• Deforestation

Question 10

what can solve problems of land degradation in kenya

Answer 10

• giving farmers access to internet to search solutions to problems
• micro-finance for women because they have only been collecting water in previous societies
• sharing knowledge
• land management, not over-exhaustion
• using right crops in right conditions
• afforestation
• hedge rows because they trap water

Question 11

how has land in africa been damaged

Answer 11

— nearly 10 million hectares of land in Africa has been degraded to the point where the original biota has been fully destroyed. Multiple millions more hectares suffer degradation.
— The relative lack of productivity is providing a serious barrier to development in parts of sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 12

how does topography influence development

Answer 12

• The topography of sub-Saharan Africa is primarily plateaus.
• There are areas of more challenging relief, such as the Eastern Rift Valleys, Mount Kilimanjaro and areas of highlands such as the Ethiopian Highlands. However, compared to other continents relief should not be a major barrier to development.
• Whilst relief doesn’t involve mountain ranges, there are some issues with plateaus (volcanic depression, biodiversity going down)

Question 13

what is the single largest barrier to development in SSA

Answer 13

CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE

• Deserts are bordered by bands of “tropical dry” climate where physical and human productivity is restricted.
• Tropical rainforests contain bands of “tropical wet” climate, which also provide their own barriers to development.
• Mosquitos spread malaria, and setsi fly carry sleeping sickness

Question 14

how do herdspeople link into climatic factors

Answer 14

• Atrophism, protect land and trying to get investment into the land, making sure it isn’t overused
• switch to camels from cows, they can survive different climates
• Masai sheep, selective breeding for powerful breeds coping with climate change

Question 15

how does water availability affect SSA

Answer 15

2 belts of land where water availability is a serious barrier to development.
- These are the Sahel to the north and a band in the south running from Angola to South Africa and Mozambique.
- In an average year more water is used than is recharged by rainfall, creating a long term issue.

Question 16

stats for water availability

Answer 16

• 1bn people in the world don’t have access to clean water
• Every minute a child dies form a water based disease
• Most africans get less than one litre of water a day
• Women/children walk miles for water every day, dirty or not, and their lives depend on this
• For over 2000 years water scarcity has grown by 50% in Africa

Question 17

how do urban areas vary from rural areas in terms of water availability

Answer 17

• Richest 20% in urban have 62% access to piped water
• Rural urban split is prevalent, rural richest 20% only have 9% access to piped water

Question 18

example of a drought affecting development

Answer 18

KENYA DROUGHT 2017:
- drove up food prices, fuelling inflation
- food security was bad at the end of 2017, but only got worse after climate change’s immediate effects
- prices of maize flour (staple food) rose by 31%, milk by 21%, sugar by 21%
- many families had only one meal a day
- availability of water also became worse. UN development agency said waterholes/rivers dried up in some areas = crop failure and livestock depletion
- drought also caused sugar deficit

Question 19

example of a flood affecting development

Answer 19

• more than 1,000 people died from mudslide and flood hitting sierra leone’s capital
• heavy rains meant people were evacuated due to a mountain valley side slope in the Regent area collapsed causing a major landslide
• landslide caused destruction in infrastructure - buildings, bridges, schools, health facilities
• flooding outside landslide zone affected 55% of households in Culvert/Dwazark neighbourhoods
• lower income settlements were at the recipient end of the floods
• the more upstream housing close to landslide in Regent were better built and larger but settlements closer to ocean were informal