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Mock paper 2 > 2 The importance of water > Flashcards

2 The importance of water Flashcards

1
Q

how do the following properties of water aid survival:

  • high latent heat of vapourisation
  • high SHC
  • ice being less dense than water?
A
  • evaporation is an effective cooling mechanism
  • large amounts of E required to raise temperature ∴ creates thermally stable environment for aquatic organism ∴ less heat used to regulate core temperature
  • surface provides habitat for organisms; water beneath is insulated and does not freeze
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2
Q

how do the following properties of water aid survival:

  • polar
  • transparency
A
  • solvent/transport medium/cohesion/adhesion

- underwater photosynthesis

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3
Q

what cell does cholera act on?

A

enterocytes

small intestine + appendix

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4
Q

how does cholera cause dehydration?

A

toxin enters cell –> transported to G.A.

incr. andenylate cyclase enzymes
incr. concentration of cAMP (100x)

phosphorylation of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR - Cl- channel proteins)

Cl- ions leave cells into intestinal lumen –> H(2)O follows by osmosis –> rapid loss of fluids

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5
Q

what are the components of oral rehydration methods?

A

water

NaCl

glucose

mineral ions (e.g. K+)

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6
Q

what is hyponatraemia?

A

a low electrolyte concentration in the blood

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7
Q

how does salt cause hypertension?

A

salt in blood plasma –> lowers water potential

water moves out of tissues into blood

increases blood volume

∴ blood pressure increases

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8
Q

what is the definition of osmosis?

A

the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential into/out of the cytoplasm of the cell as a consequence of the random movement of individual water molecules

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9
Q

how does high water potential cause haemolysis/cytolysis/turgidity?

A

movement of water molecules into a cell down the water potential gradient

exerts a higher pressure on the CSM

CSM ruptures

(in plant cells, water contained by cell wall ∴ protoplast presses up against cell wall)

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10
Q

how does low water potential cause crenation/plasmolysed?

A

movement of water molecules out of a cell down the water potential gradient

reduces pressure on CSM

cell becomes crenated

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11
Q

what is blood plasma?

A

a straw-coloured non-cellular mammalian biofluid

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12
Q

what are the contents of blood plasma?

A

water

mineral ions

plasma proteins

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13
Q

what is the function of water in blood plasma?

A

transportation of dissolved substances

thermoregulation

regulation of blood pressure and volume

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14
Q

what is the function of mineral ions in blood plasma?

A

osmotic balance

pH buffering

regulation of membrane permeability

ion-specific roles

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15
Q

give an example of a plasma protein and its function

A

serum albumin

  • regulates osmotic balances
  • pH buffering
  • Ca2+ transport

fibrinogen + prothrombin
- blood clotting

immunoglobulins
- antibodies for i.r.

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16
Q

what is the composition of lymph?

A

lymphocytes

small proteins

lipids

low G/O(2)/a.a.

high CO(2)

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17
Q

what is the role of lymph?

A

circulatory

lymph nodes used to filter pathogens and foreign substances from lymph fluid

18
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

energy store

energy source

cell markers

19
Q

what is the basic formula for a monosaccharide?

A

C(x)(H2O)y

20
Q

what are the monosaccharides used to make the following disaccharides:

  • maltose
  • lactose
  • sucrose?
A
  • a. glucose + a. glucose
  • a. glucose + galactose
  • a. glucose + sucrose
21
Q

what is the bond formed between two monosaccharides?

A

covalent a. 1,4 glycosidic bond

condensation reaction ∴ H2O formed

22
Q

what is the test for reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s solution + heat

forms precipitate - blue -> green -> yellow -> brick red

23
Q

what is the test for non-reducing sugars?

A

add HCl and boil

add Na(2)CO(3)

then Benedict’s solution + heat

forms precipitate - blue -> green -> yellow -> brick red

24
Q

what are the three common polysaccharides?

A

starch

glycogen

cellulose

25
Q

what are the differences between amylose and amylopectin?

A

amylose forms a helix; amylopectin forms branches

amylopectin has a. 1,6 glycosidic bonds; amylose only has a. 1,4

amylopectin is soluble; amylose is insoluble

26
Q

where is glycogen found?

A

skeletal muscles and liver

27
Q

what is the composition of cellulose?

A

B. 1,4 glycosidic bonds between glucose monomers

28
Q

what is the difference between a. and B. glucose?

A

C1 on molecule

-OH group

ABBA

29
Q

what is the range for normal blood glucose?

A

3.89 - 5.83 mmol dm-3

30
Q

what is the function of clinistix/diastix?

A

glucose biosensors

31
Q

how is the glucose concentration of urine monitored?

A

pad with peroxidase dipped in sample

peroxidase breaks down H(2)O(2) to O(2) H(2)O

O(2) oxidises reagent on pad –> colour change

Clinistix: pink } light –> dark in
Diastix: blue } presence of glucose

32
Q

how is the glucose concentration of blood monitored?

A

pad with glucose dehydrogenase has blood smeared on it

glucose dehydrogenase converts glucose to gluconolactone

reaction produces a signal –> converted to electrical current by transducer –> quan. result dependent glucose concentration

33
Q

what is the definition of a solvent?

A

a liquid that dissolves a solid

34
Q

what is the definition of a solute?

A

a solid that dissolves in a liquid

35
Q

what is the definition of a solution?

A

a combination of solvent and solution

36
Q

what is the definition of water potential?

A

a measure of the ability of water molecules to move freely in solution

37
Q

why does normal urine still contain some proteins?

A

can be filtered through glomerulus if small enough

can be produced in genitourinary tract

38
Q

what is the level of protein in urea that indicates proteinuria?

A

> 150mg in 24 hours

39
Q

what is the level of protein in urea that indicates nephritic syndrome?

A

> 3.5g in 24 hours

40
Q

how is urine tested for the presence of proteins?

A

pad containing chromagen dipped in sample

some have pH buffers/indicators (e.g. tetrabromoethanol)

yellow = absence of proteins

green -> blue = incr. concentration of proteins (incr. pH)

Mock paper 2 (9 decks)

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