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CARIBBEAN STUDIES > 2. The Historical Process > Flashcards

2. The Historical Process Flashcards

1
Q

Caribbean society began with

A

migration

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2
Q

With slavery abolished in 1838, ex-plantation workers began to

A

move within the region for economic opportunities

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3
Q

countries in the region that ex-plantation workers moved to for economic opportunities (7)

A

1) British Guiana
2) Costa Rica
3) Cuba
4) Panama
5) Santa Domingo
6) Trinidad
7) Venezuela

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4
Q

why did ex-plantation workers move to Costa Rica

A

construction of the railroads (being done by the USA)

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5
Q

why did ex-plantation workers move to Panama

A

construction of the Panama Canal (started by the French, completed by the USA)

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6
Q

why did ex-plantation workers move to Trinidad and Venezuela

A

oil industry

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7
Q

why did ex-plantation workers move to British Guiana, Santa Domingo and Cuba

A

sugar industry (late 1800 when wages were higher)

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8
Q

numbers of ex-plantation that moved in immediate post-emancipation (3)

A

11,000 emigrated to Trinidad from Eastern Caribbean

5,000 went to British Guiana

Barbadians moved to St. Croix and Dutch Guiana (Suriname) 1800s

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9
Q

In contemporary Caribbean, strong economics attract

A

migrants

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10
Q

Trinidad’s migrants were primarily from

A

Windward Islands

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11
Q

Bahamas migrants were primarily from

A

Leeward Islands (to work in tourism)

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12
Q

Dominican Republic migrants were primarily from

A

Jamaica, and Eastern Caribbean (1980s)

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13
Q

The migrants that came to the Caribbean were (4)

A

1) Involved Jamaican labourers
2) Some from the Eastern Caribbean.
3) Worked in the sugar industry
4) Expected to return home at the end of crop season.

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14
Q

people who immigrated to the caribbean (4)

A

1) Amerindians
2) The Europeans
3) The Africans
4) Indentured Servants (Indians)

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15
Q

explain the immigration of Amerindians into the caribbean

A

they first crossed Bering Straight during the Ice-Age, following their food

then they came up from the Orinoco in Venezuela and went as far as Cuba and the Bahamas then they settled on island coasts for easy; food, travel, protection, and sometimes settled near to clay deposits

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16
Q

why did the Amerindians sometimes settled near to clay deposits

A

because they lacked technology to navigate the forest, and make it habitable

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17
Q

where the Tainos settled

A

Greater Antilles, Barbados

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18
Q

where the Kalinagos settled

A

Lesser Antilles

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19
Q

the Amerindians were exploited by

A

Spanish to extract labour using the Encomienda System

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20
Q

the Amerindians had their own

A

political, economic, recreational, social, and agricultural systems and Gender division of labour

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21
Q

when did The Europeans immigrate to caribbean

A

in 15th century (1492)

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22
Q

why did The Europeans immigrate to caribbean

A

In search of lust and greed.

Gold, Glory, God

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23
Q

what did The Europeans do when they immigrated to caribbean?

A

They enslaved the Amerindians via Encomienda but then the Encomienda ultimately failed, and they then used European Indentureship (Ridded Europe of vagrants, criminals and vagabonds) and then they settled in other territories

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24
Q

the territories The Europeans settled in after the Encomienda ultimately failed (4)

A

1) Spanish - Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola ii.
2) French - Guadeloupe, St. Martin, Martinique
3) English - St. Kitts & Nevis, Antigua, Barbados iv.
4) Dutch - Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao (ABC islands)

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25
Q

when did the Africans immigrate to the Caribbean

A

African immigration started in 1600s and increased in 1700s due to Sugar Revolution

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26
Q

why did the Africans immigrate to the Caribbean

A

After the failure of Encomienda, Africans were used as labour

they were Brought from West Africa and they worked where there was slavery/colonialism: British/Spanish/French West Indies being exploited using Slavery (until 1838) and the Plantation System (after emancipation)

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27
Q

the Only form of forced migration to Caribbean was

A

the Africans

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28
Q

when did the Indentured Servants (Indians) immigrate to the Caribbean

A

Post emancipation (1838)

Most came from Calcutta and Madras in India

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29
Q

why did the Indentured Servants (Indians) immigrate to the Caribbean

A

for Extra and intra-regional migration - attempts to improve socioeconomic status

to region to satisfy labour demands in post-emancipation Caribbean

Worked under contract for 5, 7, or 10 years.

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30
Q

where did the Indentured Servants (Indians) settle when they came to the Caribbean (3)

A

Settled where there was great demand for labour: Trinidad, Jamaica and British Guiana

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31
Q

what did the Indentured Servants (Indians) bring when they came to the Caribbean

A

new cultures and Religions

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32
Q

what were the working conditions of the Indentured Servants (Indians) that came to the Caribbean

A

Horrible conditions, small wage, wages penalized for frivolous reasons.

they were Exploited using Indentureship and

worked under horrible conditions, small wage, penalisations for frivolous reasons

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33
Q

Emigration in the caribbean started in

A

early 1900s, continues to present

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34
Q

inter island migration is

A

migration between islands

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35
Q

reasons for emigration in the Caribbean (5)

A

1) Panama canal (Between 70,000-100,000 migrant workers in total)
2) Sugar & Banana Plantations
3) Railroads
4) oil industry
5) US, UK, Canada for more working conditions and economic development

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36
Q

migrants who came due to the panama canal settled where?

A

settled permanently at terminal points of the canal; Panama City, Colón

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37
Q

how migrants preserved their caribbean culture (4)

A

1) Ate Caribbean food – red beans & rice
2) Listened to calypso
3) Spoke English or French Creole
4) Established special schools with English instruction

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38
Q

who constructed the panama canal

A

it was started by the French and finished by the USA

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39
Q

migrants who came for Sugar & Banana Plantations settled where? (5)

A

British Guiana

Costa Rica

Cuba,

Honduras

Santa Domingo

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40
Q

what west indies migrate to the US, UK, Canada

A

WW2 (sent to rebuild society in the US)

1951-1960 about 280,000 West Indians went to Britain to work on the London Transport and as Nurses but they worked in dirtiest, lowest paid, least skilled occupations and were not welcome in the UK

Migrants needed to rebuild Britain in 1950s post-war

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41
Q

what are some significant themes in the development of Caribbean society and culture

A

1) migration
2) economic systems
3) responses of people to oppression and genocide
4) political and economic movements towards independence.

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42
Q

An ethnocentric outlook views

A

history and current affairs from the point of view of one’s own culture

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43
Q

explain the early Migratory movement and settlement patterns

A

nomadic Amerindians/Indigenous Peoples’ migrated from Asia to settle in North, Central & South America.
(nomads-moved about in groups or tribes searching for food, and pasture lands for their herds in the face of harsh winters).

last Ice Age of the world large sections of the earth including land, seas and oceans were covered with ice. mongoloid peoples of East Central Asia migrated from their homeland across the Bering Strait which connects Siberia with Alaska in North America.

  • Sioux, Cherokee Indians and Eskimos settled North America
  • the Mayans settled in countries of Central America.
  • The Tainos and Kalinagos migrated further south in the Caribbean in the Greater and Lesser Antilles

The Mayans established city states while the Tainos and Kalinagos did not develop beyond the village stage with rudimentary (basic) social and political structures.

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44
Q

The history of the Caribbean can be divided up chronologically into different historical periods, but running through them are some common themes that connect people’s experiences and the legacies of these through time.

The main themes are:

A

migration of different groups into, within and out of the region and their cultural and social impact

oppression through conquest, colonization and imposed systems of production, including forced labour;

resistance to this oppression

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45
Q

what was the migration movement that happened 11,000–12,000 years ago

A

the settlement of various Eurasian groups in the Caribbean

46
Q

what was the migration movement that happened 1200s–1300s

A

Migration of the Tainos to the Greater Antilles and the establishment of Kalinagos settlements in the Lesser Antilles

47
Q

what was the migration movement that happened in 1492–1494

A

The arrival of Columbus; Pope gives Spain exclusive rights to the colonies; beginning of Spanish settlements in the Caribbean

48
Q

what was the migration movement that happened in 1500s

A

Spaniards begin to extort control of the Americas through the establishment of colonies, systems of government, economic systems and systems of production such as encomienda

49
Q

what was the migration movement that happened in 1600s–1700s

A

Migration of colonizers from other European nations into the Americas; the establishment of plantations and labour systems such as African slavery; challenges to Spain’s control of the Americas

50
Q

what was the migration movement that happened in 1791–1832

A

Period of revolutions; the slave trade ends; emancipation movements

51
Q

what was the migration movement that happened in 1833–1838

A

Emancipation of enslaved Africans; alternative labourers introduced to colonies from India (indentureship)

52
Q

what was the migration movement that happened in 1838 –1865

A

Continued recruitment of indentured labour from India to the Caribbean; recruitment of indentured labour from China (1850s–1866)

53
Q

what was the migration movement that happened in 1865–1930s

A

Morant Bay rebellion (1865); East Indian indentureship ends (1917); labour riots and disturbances of the 1930s

54
Q

what was the migration movement that happened in 1940s–present

A

universal adult suffrage granted; internal self-government granted; independence movement

55
Q

Eurasia is

A

the combined continental landmass of Europe and Asia; more directly located in the area now known as Siberia

56
Q

kalinagos settled mostly where?

A

Lesser Antilles

eg. north-west Trinidad, Puerto Rico, parts of Barbados, Grenada, St Vincent, St Lucia

57
Q

the kalinagos settled along the coast in the lesser Antilles for

A
  1. Protection
  2. Fishing
  3. Recreation
  4. Household purposes
  5. Transportation
58
Q

Tainos settled where?

A

Settled in the Greater Antilles

eg. Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, San Salvador (San Salvador), Barbados

59
Q

Tainos settled along the coast in the Greater Antilles for

A
  1. Protection
  2. Fishing
  3. Recreation
  4. Household purposes
  5. Farming
  6. Transportation
60
Q

where did the mayans settle?

A

Settled in Central America eg. Honduras, Guatemala, Southern Mexico and the Belize, Yucatan Penninsula

61
Q

An ethnocentric outlook is what

A

An ethnocentric outlook views history and current affairs from the point of view of one’s own culture.

62
Q

Caribbean history has in the past been written by

A

persons with a Eurocentric perspective.
That is from a European outlook.

So Caribbean history was thought to have started when Columbus arrived in 1492.
This has been rectified by later Caribbean historians eg Dr. Eric Williams

63
Q

Our historiography (the writing of our history)
was heavily influenced by Eurocentric views, which
meant that scholars thought of Caribbean history as
beginning when

A

Columbus arrived in the New World

64
Q

The fact that the earliest remains of Caribbean habitation are found in both Trinidad and Cuba suggests that

A

migrations into the Caribbean were not just from south to north but that people also entered the region from Central America, and even Florida

Most scholars believe that the original inhabitants of the American continents came from Asia at the end of the last Ice Age, when there was still a land bridge across the Bering Strait

65
Q

Taino is now used to refer to

A

Arawaks

66
Q

The Tainos evolved out of

A

cultural mixing among the earlier peoples of the Greater Antilles; they did not come as a separate wave of migration

67
Q

The Pre-Columbian period refers to

A

the period before the arrival of Columbus in the Americas (that is, that period prior to 1492)

68
Q

When Columbus landed in Hispaniola (modern day Haiti and The Dominican Republic) in 1492, he mistakenly believed that

A

he landed in the East.

This is the reason he called the region the Indies and referred to the indigenous people as “Indians”

69
Q

The indigenous people or Amerindians that Columbus met in Hispaniola were called

A

the Taino people.

It was later discovered that in other islands in the Caribbean there was another indigenous group call the Kalinagos (or Caribs).

It is believed that the Caribbean got its name from the Caribs who were so aggressive towards the Europeans

70
Q

where did Both the Taino and Kalinago people settled

A

Trinidad and Tobago and Puerto Rico

71
Q

family organization of Tainos

A

village settlements

along river valleys and coastal areas

72
Q

social organization of Tainos

A

women did farming, (slash and burn)

men did hunting and fishing,

their society was hierarchical and pacific

men and women lived together in the same household and raised children

73
Q

government of Tainos

A

led by a Cacique who inherited his rule.

The Cacique was a religious leader and was therefore a high priest and judge.
He settled all disputes.

He was assisted by elderly men called mitaynos.

74
Q

customs of Tainos

A

flattened forehead of babies

singing, dancing, smoking tobacco, playing batos.

Smoking was very important because it allows them to communicate with the spirits

75
Q

food of tainos

A

seafoods (fish, crabs and shrimp),vegetables, pepper,

pepper pot soup, cassava, iguana, small dogs and other small animals. Barbeque.

76
Q

Architecture of tainos

A

rectangular houses made of thatch, straws, wood and poles.

The Cacique house was usually the biggest and rectangular to distinguish from the others

77
Q

Farming methods of tainos

A

women did the farming (but men must have assisted to help to do strenuous work such as digging etc)

slash and burn farming

farming for subsistence

primitive tools

78
Q

Technology of tainos

A

canoes (boats that could trade with other islands and sometimes to Central America), stone tools, spears, bows and arrows, straw baskets, hammocks etc

79
Q

Religion of tainos

A

Believed in spiritualisms, spirits takes the forms of zemis (which appeared in any shape and form), believed that the spirits were present in everything , led by the Cacique

80
Q

appearance of kalinagos

A

dark complexion with long, straight black hair, short sturdy built, tall and strong and wore chains and pierced different section of their bodies

81
Q

family of kalinagos

A

village settlement

82
Q

Social organization of kalinagos

A

women did farming (often kidnapped Taino women to do this),

men did hunting and fishing,

society was very militaristic,

men and women lived separately apart

83
Q

Government of kalinagos

A

Led by the Ouboutou (chief leader),

Leaders were elected from a test of bravery (usually from warfare and skills in battle),

no organized system of justice

independent families

84
Q

Religion of kalinagos

A

spiritualistic, believed in evil spirts (maboya)

85
Q

Customs of kalinagos

A

very decorative, singing, dancing, smoking tobacco.
Initiation into manhood, boys had to go to school to learn how to fight, flattened babies’ forehead, wore jewellery, paint faces (perhaps due to heat but gave them an aggressive appearance).

86
Q

food and technology of kalinagos

A

similar to the Taino

87
Q

Architecture of kalinagos

A

rectangular houses made from indigeous materials (straws, wood, poles etc)

88
Q

what was the main system of production in indigenous societies

A

Slash and Burn farming

89
Q

Slash and Burn farming is

A

a method of cultivation in which forest areas where burned and cleared for planting.

The indigenous people would cut down forest areas and leave them to dry. After they are dry, they set them ablaze. The ash from the trees will fertilize the land

Burning trees was also and important way to clear lands for the creation of fishing plots or housing

90
Q

Miscegenation refers to

A

sexual relations and therefore genetic mixing between different races

91
Q

the Mayans settled inland, in the dense forest regions, for the following reasons:

A
  1. Protection
  2. Farming
  3. Firm foundation to construct their buildings.
  4. For trade
  5. Easy access to building materials.
92
Q

what discrimination did Migrants encounter

A

Were forced to assemble in ghetto apartments.

Non-whites were kept out of public entertainment spots. Eg. pubs.

Racial tension caused riots between white and black youths.

93
Q

This Outward migration has led to

A

the Diasporic Caribbean

94
Q

political systems of Maya and Inca

A

Both Maya and Inca also had complex political systems

Maya elect their leaders while the Inca had a hereditary system where leaders rose to power based on family ties, supported by complex religious beliefs that validated leaders and their privileges.

95
Q

what were some Amerindian inventions?

A

cassava cakes

taino barbecue

hammock

extraction of dyes from woods

tobacco cultivation and smoking

cacao cultivation and chocolate making

Words such as hurricane, canoe, barbecue, hammock, tobacco, cannibal, cay (or key), barracuda, maize, cassava, cacao, manicou, agouti and savanna Place names and names of natural features in Trinidad and Tobago, for example, include Arima, Tunapuna, Mucurapo, the Caroni and Oropuche rivers, the Taman and Aripo mountains

96
Q

how/why was cassava cakes adopted by the Europeans

A

These cakes made of cassava/yuca flour did not spoil as easily as European wheat bread and helped to sustain the Europeans while they travelled in and out of the Caribbean

97
Q

today’s usage of cassava cakes

A

Called ‘bammy’ in many Caribbean territories (other names include ‘ereba’, ‘casabe’) and traditionally eaten with fish (just like the Tainos did).

A main source of income for many rural Caribbean farmers who sell them to hotels and locals alike.

98
Q

how/why was taino barbeque adopted by the Europeans

A

this method of cooking preserved the meat for long periods.

99
Q

today’s usage of tainos barbecue

A

Jamaican jerk chicken and pork is a direct derivative of Taino barbecue.

100
Q

how/why was hammocks adopted by the Europeans

A

it was installed on ships as a means of cheap bedding for sailors, and in trees to keep explorers off the ground and away from insects and other crawling creatures.

101
Q

today’s usage of hammocks

A

Used in homes in rural areas to relax or sleep.

Many have been installed in major hotels and tourist attractions for relaxation

102
Q

how/why was Extraction of dyes from woods adopted by the Europeans

A

The dye industry became a major Caribbean economic activity for many Europeans.
This accompanied the increased cultivation of cotton in the Americas to fuel large European clothing factories.

103
Q

today’s usage of Extraction of dyes from woods

A

The use of wood dyes is not widespread throughout the Caribbean as a commercial activity.

The tradition is still continued by many high schools that teach students how to extract and apply these dyes as part of their course work.

104
Q

how/why was Tobacco cultivation and smoking adopted by the Europeans

A

Became a major cash crop for the European colonies (later to be largely replaced in many areas of the Caribbean by sugar). It was grown on large farms and often rolled into cigars and exported. Tobacco smoking became a symbol of the wealthy in Europe.

105
Q

today’s usage of Tobacco cultivation and smoking

A

Its cultivation is still a very important industry in some Caribbean countries, such as Cuba.

106
Q

how/why was Cacao cultivation and chocolate making adopted by the Europeans

A

Chocolate was an important product to the European colonial economies up to the 20th century

107
Q

today’s usage of Cacao cultivation and chocolate making

A

Agro diseases have led to a decline in cacao cultivation in the Caribbean.
However, it is still produced in the region.
Until 2009 the Dominican Republic led the world in ‘Fairtrade-certified’ cacao production and it remains a key producer.

108
Q

how/why was Words such as hurricane, canoe, barbecue, hammock, tobacco, cannibal, cay (or key), barracuda, maize, cassava, cacao, manicou, agouti and savanna.
Place names and names of natural features in Trinidad and Tobago, for example, include Arima, Tunapuna, Mucurapo, the Caroni and Oropuche rivers, the Taman and Aripo mountains adopted by the Europeans

A

Specifically Caribbean or American terms passed into common usage, a process facilitated by the use of Amerindian translators.

109
Q

today’s usage of Words such as hurricane, canoe, barbecue, hammock, tobacco, cannibal, cay (or key), barracuda, maize, cassava, cacao, manicou, agouti and savanna
Place names and names of natural features in Trinidad and Tobago, for example, include Arima, Tunapuna, Mucurapo, the Caroni and Oropuche rivers, the Taman and Aripo mountains

A

Many Amerindian words have become part of the language of Caribbean people and beyond, even if we are unaware of their origins.

110
Q

it is believed that the first set of Europeans who came were

A

the Spanish in 1492 who established colonies in different areas of the Caribbean

CARIBBEAN STUDIES (16 decks)

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