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BIO PSYCH > 2 - The Brain and Nervous System > Flashcards

2 - The Brain and Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Made of Brain, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerves

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

T/F : Bilateral symmetry provides several survival advantages

A

True

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3
Q

Precursors of neurons evolved how many years ago?

A

600 million years ago

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4
Q

When did neuronal circuits first appear?

A

500 - 550 million years ago

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5
Q

The Central Nervous System interacts with the rest of the body via?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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6
Q

What are the three bulges of the brain?

A
  1. Prosencephalon
  2. Mesencephalon
  3. Rhombencephalon
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7
Q

It is the bulge of the brain that indicates the forebrain

A

Prosencephalon

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8
Q

It is the bulge of the brain that indicates the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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9
Q

It is the bulge of the brain that indicates the hindbrain

A

Rhombencephalon

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10
Q

T/F : All neurons connect & interact with other neurons

A

True

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11
Q

T/F : Evolution shaped the functions and structure of the brain

A

True

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12
Q

It is the specialized term for the direction of nose - tail axis

A

Rostral - Caudal

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13
Q

It is the specialized term for the direction of back - belly axis

A

Dorsal - Ventral

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14
Q

It is the specialized term for the direction of front - back axis

A

Anterior - Posterior

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15
Q

It is the specialized term for the direction of top - bottom axis

A

Superior - Inferior

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16
Q

It means “towards the middle”

A

Medial

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17
Q

It means “towards the side”

A

Lateral

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18
Q

It means “on the same side”

A

Ipsilateral

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19
Q

It means “on the opposite side”

A

Contralateral

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20
Q

It means “far end of the limb”

A

Distal

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21
Q

It means “nearest point of the limb, where it attaches to the body”

A

Proximal

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22
Q

What are the three common planes used to describe images of the brain?

A
  1. Axial
  2. Sagittal
  3. Frontal (Coronal)
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23
Q

A horizontal slice, parallel to the floor when standing up, from the front to the back of the brain.

A

Axial

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24
Q

A vertical slice through the brain, separating the left side from the right side.

A

Sagittal

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25
Q

A vertical slice, separating the front from the back of the brain.

A

Frontal

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26
Q

These neurons collect information from outside and inside the body

A

Sensory neurons

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27
Q

These neurons carry signals to the muscles to enable movement

A

Motor neurons

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28
Q

These are specialized chemicals released by neurons to communicate with other cells

A

Neurotransmitters

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29
Q

Two parts of the peripheral nervous system

A
  1. Somatic nervous system
  2. Autonomic nervous system
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30
Q

It deals with the external world, wherein sensory and motor neurons carry information about voluntary movement and conscious awareness

A

Somatic nervous system

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31
Q

Deals with the internal world, wherein sensory and motor neurons guide automatic processes

A

Autonomic nervous system

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32
Q

Two components of the Autonomic Nervous System

A
  1. Sympathetic Branch
  2. Parasympathetic Branch
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33
Q

It gets the body ready to react to threats, along with increasing heart rate, respiration rates, and blood pressure

A

Sympathetic branch

34
Q

It calms the body down, along with slowing the heart and respiration rate, and increasing digestion

A

Parasympathetic branch

35
Q

Four segments of the spine

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral

Cer-Thor Lum-Sac

36
Q

The spinal cord is divided into __ matter & __ matter

A

Gray matter and white matter

37
Q

It contains the cell bodies and dendrites of the neurons; found near the center of the cord

A

Gray matter

38
Q

Contains the electrically-insulated long distance connections between neurons

A

White matter

39
Q

Spinal cord is divided into ___, with sensory input occuring on the ___ side and motor output occuring from the ___ side.

A

Laminae, dorsal side

40
Q

It houses the cell bodies for the peripheral sensory neurons

A

Dorsal root ganglia

41
Q

In a ____, a sensory neuron connects with a motor neuron, allowing the sensory stimulation to trigger a movement

A

Reflex arc

42
Q

__ is when you extend your leg after the doctor taps your knee with a hammer

A

Knee-jerk reflex

43
Q

T/F : Reflexes can have one connection between the sensation and motor response

A

False; can have one or more connections (synapses)

44
Q

They are neurons that are between the sensory input and motor output

A

Interneurons

45
Q

T/F : Interneurons can be excitatory or inhibitory

A

True

46
Q

T/F : More simple actions, such as walking, are build from more complex spinal reflexes.

A

False; complex actions, simple spinal reflexes

47
Q

These are functional units of cells that guide rhythmic actions

A

Central pattern generators

48
Q

What is the process of Central Pattern Generators?

A
  1. An excitatory neuron fires spontaneously until becoming fatigues and stopped by an inhibitory interneuron
  2. After a recovery time, the excitatory neuron resumes firing
  3. Inhibitory interneurons cross the midline to inhibit the central pattern generator on the
    contralateral side, to allow for rhythmic
    muscle contractions
49
Q

Brainstem is made out of

A
  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Pons
  • Midbrain
50
Q

It controls involuntary functions that are important for life, such as breathing and heart rate

A

Medulla

51
Q

It relays information between the cerebrum and cerebellum

A

Pons

52
Q

T/F : Cells within the pons are important for sleep, arousal, and sensory functions

A

True

53
Q

They are clusters of cells that process sensory, motor, and visceral information

A

Nuclei

54
Q

They are central pattern generators for swallowing, yawning, coughing, breathing, etc.

A

Circuits in the hindbrain

55
Q

A part of the midbrain: It locates the visual stimuli to help coordinate complex movements

A

Superior colliculus

56
Q

Part of the midbrain that locates auditory stimuli

A

Inferior colliculus

57
Q

It influences complex behaviors such as defense, aggression, or reproduction

A

Periaqueductal gray matter

58
Q

It regulates consciousness

A

Reticular formation

59
Q

It alerts the brain

A

Locus Coeruleus

60
Q

It influences motor control and cognition

A

Substantia nigra

61
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves transmit sensory and motor information between the brain and face?

A

Twelve (12)

62
Q

The first cranial nerve; carries signals for the sense of smell from the nasal passage to the brain.

A

Olfactory

63
Q

2nd cranial nerve; carries visual signals from the retina to the thalamus.

A

Optic

64
Q

3rd cranial nerve; controls eye movement & pupillary constriction

A

Oculomotor

65
Q

4th: controls eye movement

A

Trochlear

66
Q

5th: controls the muscles of mastication (chewing), involved in the sensation of touch and pain by the face & mouth

A

Trigeminal

67
Q

6th: controls eye movement

A

Abducens

68
Q

7th: carries signals for the sense of taste (anterior 2/3 of the tongue); controls the muscles of facial expression; involved in the secretion of tears & saliva

A

Facial and Intermediate

69
Q

8th: carries signals for the senses of hearing and balance

A

Vestibulocochlear

70
Q

9th: signals for the sense of taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue); mediates the swallowing reflex

A

Glossopharyngeal

71
Q

10th: major input & output pathway for parasympathetic nervous system; senses aortic blood pressure; slows heart rate; stimulates digestive organs

A

Vagus

72
Q

11th: controls some muscles for movements of the head, neck, and shoulders

A

Spinal Accessory

73
Q

12th: controls muscle of the tongue

A

Hypoglossal

74
Q

“Little Brain”

A

Cerebellum

75
Q

T/F : The cerebellum contains less neurons than the cortex

A

False; more neurons

76
Q

Inputs in the cerebellum come from

A

Brainstem nuclei

77
Q

Damage to cerebellum interferes with
____

A

Coordinated movement to external targets

78
Q

T/F : Cerebellum may make predictions about
expected outcomes of motor actions and
use these predictions to refine plans

A

True

79
Q

__ is also important in language,
memory, attention, and emotion

A

Cerebellum

80
Q

It is the process of maintaining
the body within a narrow range of
physiological parameters, such as
temperature, thirst, hunger, etc.

A

Homeostasis

81
Q

__ regulate the homeostasis by comparing the body’s state with set points

A

Nuclei within the hypothalamus

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