2. Stress and Disease - Sympathetic Nervous System, Endocrine and Immune Responses

Question 1

what happens when When the body experiences stress

Answer 1

initiates a complex response involving the

1) sympathetic nervous system
2) endocrine system
3) immune system

Question 2

what happens in the Sympathetic Nervous System Response

Answer 2

Sympathetic Nervous System Response: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for activating the body’s immediate response to stress. When a stressor is perceived, the sympathetic nervous system triggers the release of stress hormones, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones increase heart rate, elevate blood pressure, and redirect blood flow to essential organs and muscles, preparing the body for action. While this response can be helpful in the short term, chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system can contribute to cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and heart disease.

Question 3

what happens in the Endocrine Response:

Answer 3

Endocrine Response: The endocrine system plays a crucial role in the stress response through the release of stress hormones, particularly cortisol. When the body encounters stress, the hypothalamus in the brain releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which signals the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. Cortisol helps regulate various physiological processes, including metabolism, immune function, and inflammation. However, sustained elevated levels of cortisol due to chronic stress can disrupt the body’s natural balance, leading to an increased risk of conditions like metabolic disorders, immune dysfunction, and mental health disorders.

Question 4

what happens in Immune Response

Answer 4

Immune Response : Acute Stress and Cytokines: Acute stress, which is a short-term and temporary response to a perceived threat, can trigger the release of certain cytokines. These cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), are part of the body’s initial immune response. They help mobilize immune cells and activate inflammation, which is an essential part of the body’s defense mechanism against infections or injuries. Acute stress-induced cytokine responses are typically transient and self-limiting.

Question 5

what happens in Prolonged or chronic stress

Answer 5

Chronic Stress and Cytokines: Prolonged or chronic stress can have more significant effects on the immune system and cytokine production. Chronic stress can dysregulate the immune response, leading to altered cytokine production and immune system functioning. Studies have shown that chronic stress can increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF-alpha, and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). These cytokines can promote chronic low-grade inflammation, which is associated with various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune disorders, and mental health conditions.