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Cancer > 2 - Revision of Cancer Biology > Flashcards

2 - Revision of Cancer Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Growth factors

A

EGF

HER2

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2
Q

Growth factor receptors

A

EGF

VEGF

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3
Q

Signal transduction proteins

A

KRAS

B-Raf

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4
Q

Transcription factor

A

c-myc

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5
Q

BCL2

A

Follicular lymphoma

normal growth stimulating protein in excess due to translocation

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6
Q

ErbB2 or HER2

A

Breast

gene amplification

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7
Q

c-Fos

A

transcription factor in skin

point mutation in a control element

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8
Q

c-H-ras

A

Bladder

point mutation within a gene

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9
Q

EGFR overexpression

A

Colorectal cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Lung cancer
Non small cell lung cancer

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10
Q

Ras mutation

A

90% pancreatic cancer
60% papillary thyroid cancer
50% colon cancer
30% non small cell lung cancer

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11
Q

B-raf mutation

A

Melanoma (70%
Papillary thyroid cancer (50%)
Colon cancer (10%

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12
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

A normal gene which, when altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer

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13
Q

Tumour suppressor genes

A

Loss of function - mutated

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14
Q

Gatekeeper

A

p53

pRb

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15
Q

Caretaker

A

BRCA

MMR

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16
Q

Pro apoptotic

A

Baz

17
Q

Single strand break

A

Reactive oxygen species
X-rays
Oxygen radicals
Spontaneous reaction

18
Q

Damaged base

A

Alkylating agents

19
Q

Inter-strand crosslink + double strand break

A

UV light
X-rays
Hydroxy urea
Anti-tumour agents

20
Q

Mis match

A

Replication errors

During S, G1, G2 phases

21
Q

Hallmarks of cancer cells

A

Growth signals are not required for cell survival, growth and differentiation
Unresponsiveness to growth inhibitory signals
Evasion of apoptosis
Defects in DNA repair
Cells become immortal
Ability to invade and metastasise
Angiogenesis

22
Q

Benign tumours

A
  • Slow growing
  • Non invasive
  • Non metastasising
  • Well differentiated
23
Q

Malignant tumours

A
  • Fast growing
  • Mitotic figures numerous
  • Ulcerate
  • Local invasion
  • May metastasise
  • Weight loss, anorexia, anaemia

Cancer (6 decks)

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