2 - Revision of Cancer Biology Flashcards
Growth factors
EGF
HER2
Growth factor receptors
EGF
VEGF
Signal transduction proteins
KRAS
B-Raf
Transcription factor
c-myc
BCL2
Follicular lymphoma
normal growth stimulating protein in excess due to translocation
ErbB2 or HER2
Breast
gene amplification
c-Fos
transcription factor in skin
point mutation in a control element
c-H-ras
Bladder
point mutation within a gene
EGFR overexpression
Colorectal cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Lung cancer
Non small cell lung cancer
Ras mutation
90% pancreatic cancer
60% papillary thyroid cancer
50% colon cancer
30% non small cell lung cancer
B-raf mutation
Melanoma (70%
Papillary thyroid cancer (50%)
Colon cancer (10%
Proto-oncogenes
A normal gene which, when altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer
Tumour suppressor genes
Loss of function - mutated
Gatekeeper
p53
pRb
Caretaker
BRCA
MMR
Pro apoptotic
Baz
Single strand break
Reactive oxygen species
X-rays
Oxygen radicals
Spontaneous reaction
Damaged base
Alkylating agents
Inter-strand crosslink + double strand break
UV light
X-rays
Hydroxy urea
Anti-tumour agents
Mis match
Replication errors
During S, G1, G2 phases
Hallmarks of cancer cells
Growth signals are not required for cell survival, growth and differentiation
Unresponsiveness to growth inhibitory signals
Evasion of apoptosis
Defects in DNA repair
Cells become immortal
Ability to invade and metastasise
Angiogenesis
Benign tumours
- Slow growing
- Non invasive
- Non metastasising
- Well differentiated
Malignant tumours
- Fast growing
- Mitotic figures numerous
- Ulcerate
- Local invasion
- May metastasise
- Weight loss, anorexia, anaemia
