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Ophthalmology > 2 - Retinal Fundus Examination > Flashcards

2 - Retinal Fundus Examination Flashcards

1
Q

What structures in the eye are transparent? (to allow light to reach the retina)

A
  • cornea
  • aqueous humor
  • lens
  • vitreous jelly
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2
Q

Why is administration of mydriatc drugs an essential part of optical exams?

A
  • pupil must be widely open to examine the retina properly
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3
Q

What structures make up the posterior segment of the eye?

A

= posterior 2/3 of eye

  • hyaloid membranes
  • vitreous hummer
  • retina
  • choroid
  • optic nerve
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4
Q

What structures make up the retinal fundus?

A
  • retina
  • optic disc
  • macula
  • fovea
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5
Q

What is the macula?

A
  • most sensitive part of retina
  • majority of photoreceptors concentrated here
  • maximal visual resolution
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6
Q

What is the vitreous? Where is it & what is its role?

A

= jelly substance

  • provides shape, volume & nurtures the eye
  • behind crystalline lens
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7
Q

What is the vitreous made of?

A
  • mainly water (98%), collagen type II, glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronan, opticin
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8
Q

What gives the vitreous its transparency?

A
  • fine organization of collagen fibres –> allows light to reach retina w. no interference
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9
Q

What encapsulates the vitreous humor ?

A
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10
Q

What is the refractive index & viscosity of vitreous humor compared to that of water?

A
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11
Q

What is myodesopsia?

A
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12
Q

What is photopsia?

A
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13
Q

What is Posterior Vitreous Detachment? Causes?

A
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14
Q

What are the visual symptoms of Posterior Vitreous Detachment?

A
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15
Q

What are some conditions that cause alterations of virtuous transparency? (4)

A
  1. Posterior vitreous detachment
  2. Uveitis - with recruitment of immune cells and their consequent accumulation
  3. Invasion of the structure by WBCs - autoimmune or infective diseases
  4. Neoplastic Diseases - secondary or primary vitreoretinal lymphomas.
  5. Bleeding/ Haemorrhage
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16
Q

What is the most common cause of vitreous opacification? Explain the pathophysiology.

A
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17
Q

What is the most common cause of haemorrhage in the eye? And other causes?

A

most common = posterior vitreous detachment

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18
Q

What structures can be seen at the optic disc?

A
19
Q

What features of the optic disc are evaluated in an optical exam?

A
20
Q

What is the cup-to-disc ratio?

A
21
Q

What is optic atrophy?

A
22
Q

What is a megalodisc?

A
23
Q

What is acute papilledema?

A
24
Q

What is hypotony (hypotonic maculopathy)?

A
25
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve, how is it evaluated?

A
26
Q

What is a paracentral scotoma?

A
27
Q

What is the macula (in detail)?

A
28
Q

The macula has a ____ metabolic rate, which clears oxidative metabolic products to avoid toxic damage to photoreceptors.

A

high

29
Q

What is age related maculopathy (AMDnv)?

A
30
Q

Which exams allow us to observe age related maculopathy?

A
31
Q

What is Tamoxifen maculopathy?

A
32
Q

What is Chloroquine maculopathy?

A
33
Q

What is optic coherence tomography/OCT? How does it work?

A
  • non-invasive anatomic reconstruction of retina
  • uses lightwaves to take cross sectional retinal pics –> to see single cells
  • based on INTERFEROMETRY
  • light source emits infrared waves & send them to the machine –> light is split into a part that reaches a reference mirror & part that reaches the eye by a beam splitter
  • echoes from the eye & ref mirror are detected & combined by a photodetector
  • even tho the penetrance is lower than US the resolution is amazing
34
Q

What are the new models of OCT machines?

A
  1. Swept-source OCT - diff wavelength & thus increased penetrance
  2. Adaptive-Optics OCT
35
Q

What is retinal fluorangiography?

A
  • multimodal imaging technique
  • Sodium fluorescin dye injected IV –> mainly binds to albumin (high affinity)
  • hypersensitivity reactions are rare except –> jaundice w/ yellow discolouration of sclera may occur in 1st 24h
36
Q

What is the principle behind retinal fluorangiography?

A
37
Q

What is the blood retinal barrier?

A
38
Q

Which 3 patterns can be observed on retinal fluorangiography?

A
39
Q

What is Indocyanine green retinal angiography?

A
40
Q

Clinical implications of Indocyanine green retinal angiography.

A
41
Q

What is fundus autofluorescence (FAF)?

A
42
Q

Which pathologic deposits have their own fluorophores?

A
43
Q

What are the (4) possible findings in fundus autofluorescence (FAF)?

A
44
Q

Clinical applications of fundus autofluorescence (FAF)?

A

Ophthalmology (12 decks)

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