2. Pulmonary volumes, capacities, flow rates and ventilation

Question 1

What are the four Pulmonary Volumes

Answer 1

Tidal volume (VT):
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):
Residual volume (RV):

Question 2

What is Tidal Volume (Vt)

Answer 2

Volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath. Average in adult male: 500 ml

Question 3

What is Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 3

Extra volume of air that can be forcefully inspired over and above VT. Normal average: 3000 ml.

Question 4

What is Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):

Answer 4

Maximum extra volume of air that can be forcefully expired over and above VT. Normal average: 1100 ml

Question 5

What is Residual volume (RV)?

Answer 5

Volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration. Normal average: 1200 ml

Question 6

What is the definition of a pulmonary capacity?

Answer 6

combinations of volumes

Question 7

What are the four Pulmonary Capacities?

Answer 7

Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
Vital capacity (VC)
Total lung capacity (TLC)

Question 8

Total lung capacity (TLC)?

How is it calculated and that is the avg?

Answer 8

maximum amount of air comprised in the lungs (= IRV + VT + ERV + RV). Average: 5800 ml.

Question 9

What is Inspiratory capacity (IC)?

How is it calculated and that is the avg?

Answer 9

maximum amount of air that can be inspired from end of normal expiration (= VT + IRV). Normal average: 3500 ml

Question 10

What is Functional residual capacity (FRC))?

How is it calculated and that is the avg?

Answer 10

Amount of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration (= ERV + RV). Normal average: 2300 ml.

Question 11

What is Vital capacity (VC)

How is it calculated and that is the avg?

Answer 11

maximum amount of air that can be forcefully inspired and expired (= IRV + VT+ ERV). Normal average: 4600 m

Question 12

What are the main Expiratory Flow rates?

Answer 12

FVC: forced vital capacity
FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second
FEV1/FVC

Question 13

What Is FVC

Answer 13

forced vital capacity:

Total amount of air that can forcibly be blown out after full inspiration, reported in liters and % of predicted value

Question 14

What is FEV1?

Answer 14

Amount of air that can forcibly be blown out in the first second of an FVC maneuver, reported in liters and % of predicted value. Along with FVC, considered one of the primary indicators of lung function

Question 15

What is FEV1/FVC:?

Answer 15

ratio of FEV1 (in liters) over FVC (in liters), reported as absolute ratio (e.g., 0.8) or as % (e.g., 80%)

Question 16

How are lung volumes measured

Answer 16

Spirometry
Gas dilution techniques
Radiographic determination: qualitative only

Question 17

What is Spirometry

Answer 17

simple method of measuring volume movement of air into and out of the lungs
Body plethysmography

Question 18

Which lung volume cannot be measured through forced inspiratory/expiratory maneuvers?

Answer 18

Residual LV

Question 19

What Law does Body Plethysmography

use? And what is it used to measure?

Answer 19

Uses Boyle’s Law:
P1V1 = P2V2 at a constant temperature
-.Volumes capacities and rates

Question 20

What is VE and how is calculated? What is similar too?

Answer 20

Minute ventilation (aka minute respiratory volume
It is the Total amount of new inspired/expired air per minute

Calculated by: Tidal volume (VT in ml/breath) x Breathing frequency (fb or RR in breaths/min)

• Simular to cardiac output
  CO= SV*HR

Question 21

What is Va

Answer 21

Alveolar ventilation

Question 22

Pulmonary ventilatory system requires continuous supply of _____to gas exchange areas such as ____, ____, _____, and respiratory_______

_____ rate at which new air reaches these areas

Answer 22

new air
alveoli, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts, & bronchioles
VA

Question 23

True or false. VE is contained in or part of the measurement of VA

Answer 23

False. VA is contained in or part of the measurement of VE

Question 24

Does dead space effect Va or Ve

Answer 24

Both?

Question 25

What is dead space air?

Answer 25

Air that does not reach gas exchange areas but rather fills respiratory passages (nose, pharynx, trachea) with each breath

Question 26

What is Dead Space Volume?

Answer 26

Volume occupied by dead space air

Question 27

What is VD ANA

Answer 27

“Anatomical” dead space volume -> Volume of air that fills all anatomical structures of the respiratory system that are not directly involved in gas exchange 150 ml

Question 28

Difference between “Anatomical” dead space volume and Dead Space Volume

Answer 28

“Anatomical” dead space volume -> Just structures that are NOT directly involved in respiration ( Upper resp. tract.

Question 29

what is VD PHY

Answer 29

“Physiological” dead space volume | ->>Physiological dead space is anatomical dead space + any additional alveolar dead space caused by disease

Question 30

Dif b/t VD ana, VD PHYS ands 'Dead space'

Answer 30

VD phys is the summation of VD ana and Alveolar Dead space caused by DISEASES

Question 31

Physiological” dead space - > Normal Lung - > COPD lung

Answer 31

- >: VD (PHY) ~= VD (ANA) | - > VD (PHY) ~=10 x VD (ANA)

Question 32

Rate of alveolar ventilation is determined by what eqn?

Answer 32

``` VA = (VT - VD ) x fb VT = Tidal volume VD = Physiological dead space volume Fb = Frequency of breathing ```

Question 33

Roles of the upper air ways?

Answer 33

warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air | Other roles: smell, swallowing, phonation

Question 34

This Serve as conduction airways for movement of air towards lower airways

Answer 34

Upper airways

Question 35

Includes nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx

Answer 35

upper airways