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3rd Year - FoPC > 2. Prevention and Health Promotion > Flashcards

2. Prevention and Health Promotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is Health Promotion?

A

Any planned activity designed to enhance health or prevent disease

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2
Q

What is Health affected by?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Access
  3. Environment
  4. Lifestyle
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3
Q

Of the factors which effect Health, what are affected by Health Promotion?

A
  1. Access
  2. Environment
  3. Lifestyle
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4
Q

How is health promoted?

A
  1. Through legislation
  2. Through the provision of preventative services, such as:
  3. a) immunizations
  4. b) The development of activities to promote, and maintain, change to a healthier lifestyle
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5
Q

Where does Health Promotion vary within the population?

A
  1. The Environment
  2. Sex
  3. socioeconomic Class
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6
Q

What does Health Promotion involve?

A

A range of agencies

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7
Q

Where does Health Promotion in the UK look at?

A

“Settings”

E.g. Workplace, school, and hospital - along with community development

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8
Q
  1. Is it easy to evaluate Health Promotion?

2. Why?

A
  1. No, it is difficult
  2. a) It is long-term
  3. b) attempts must be made to justify input of human and financial resources to Health Promotion
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9
Q

What are the 3 Therories of Health Promotion?

A
  1. Educational
  2. Socioeconomic
  3. Psychological
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10
Q

What does the Education Theory of Health Promotion entail?

A

Providing knowledge and education to enable necessary skills to rate informed choices, regarding health

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11
Q

What does the Socioeconomic Theory of Health Promotion entail?

A

Making the Healthy choice the easy choice

E.g. Policy on taxation of unhealthy foods

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12
Q

What does the Psychological Theory of Health Promotion entail?

A

There is a complex relationship between behavior, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs.
Activities start from an individual attitude to health and readiness to change
There is emphasis on whether the individual is ready to change

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13
Q

What is the definition of Health Promotion?

A

An over-arching principle / activity which enhances health; and includes disease prevention, health education, and health protection. It may be planned or opportunistic

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14
Q

What is the definition of Health Education?

A

An activity involving communication with individuals / groups aimed at changing knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior in a direction which is conducive to improvements in health

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15
Q

What is the definition of Health Protection?

A

Collective activities directed at factors which are beyond the control of the individual - these tend to be regulations / policies, or voluntary codes of practice, aimed at the prevention of ill health or the positive enhancement of well-being

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16
Q

Why is Health Promotion an essential tool for modern healthcare provision?

A

Poor lifestyle (exercise and diet etc.) leads to an increased burden of chronic diseases on the NHS

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17
Q

What advantages do we have in the UK to enable effective health promotion?

A
  1. Schooling from a young age

2. The NHS is available to everyone

18
Q

In relation to Health Promotion, what does “Empowerment” refer to?

A

The Generation of power in those individuals and groups which previously considered themselves unable to control situations, nor act on the basis of their choices

19
Q

In relation to Health Promotion, what is the benefit of “Empowerment”?

A
  1. An ability to resist social pressure
  2. An ability to utilize effective coping strategies when faced by an unhealthy environment
  3. A heightened consciousness of action
20
Q

What are the challenges to successful Health Promotion?

A
  1. Some doctors are cynical about it and think the money could be better spent
  2. Majority of health activities in Primary and Secondary care have never been adequately evaluated
21
Q

What was the governments response to criticism of Health Promotion?

A

It set up the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)

22
Q

What is the function of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)?

A
  1. To review the evidence

2. To develop appropriate guidelines

23
Q

What are the “Vital Signs of Quality”?

A

A common set of criteria to assess the performance and quality of Health Promotion Activities

24
Q

What do the “Vital Signs of Quality” include?

A
  1. Does the activity understand and respond to people’s needs fairly?
  2. Is it built upon an identifiable approach to Health Promotion?
  3. Does it demonstrate a sense of direction and coherence?
  4. Are connections made between settings, individual and community approaches?
25
Q

What are the stages of the “Cycle of Change”?

A
  1. Pre-contemplation (smokes regularly)
  2. Contemplation (considering stopping)
  3. Ready for Action (makes plans)
  4. Action (actively stops smoking)
  5. Maintenance (Non-smoker)
    6) Relapse (starts smoking again)
26
Q

What are some examples of Planned Health Promotion in Primary Care?

A
  1. Posters
  2. Chronic Disease Clinics
  3. Vaccinations
27
Q

What are some examples of Opportunistic Health Promotion in Primary Care?

A

Advice within surgery:

  1. Smoking
  2. Diet
  3. Taking Blood Pressure
28
Q

What are some examples of Legislative Health Promotion from the Government?

A
  1. Legal Age Limits
  2. Smoking Ban
  3. Health and Safety
  4. Clean Air Act
  5. Highway Code
29
Q

What are some examples of Economic Health Promotion from the Government?

A
  1. Tax on Cigarettes

2. Tax on Alcohol

30
Q

What are some examples of Educational Health Promotion from the Government?

A

Health Education Board of Scotland (HEBS) is responsible for making it part of a curriculum

31
Q

What is Primary Prevention?

A

Measures taken to prevent onset of illness or injury

32
Q

What is the advantage of Primary Prevention?

A

It reduces the probability and/or severity of an illness or injury

33
Q

What are some examples of Primary Prevention?

A
  1. Smoking Cessation

2. Immunisation (Vaccinations)

34
Q

Is there any relationship between MMR vaccine and conditions such as Crohn’s Disease or Autism?

A

OF COURSE NOT YOU FUCKING TWAT - IF THERE WAS WE WOULDN’T BE FUCKING GIVING IT

35
Q

What is the definition of Secondary prevention?

A

Detection of a disease at an early (pre-clinical) stage in order to cure, prevent, or lessen symptomatically

36
Q

When does the opportunity for secondary prevention:

  1. Start?
  2. End?
A
  1. When the disease becomes evident

2. When the disease becomes symptomatic

37
Q

What is the criteria used for deciding whether screening for a disease is worth it?

A

Wilson’s Criteria

38
Q

What are the 3 areas which Wilson’s Criteria consist of?

A
  1. Disease
  2. Test
  3. Treatment
39
Q

What questions are asked in the “Disease” area of Wilson’s Criteria?

A
  1. Is the disease important?
  2. Is the natural history of the disease understood?
  3. Is there a pre-symptomatic stage of the disease?
40
Q

What questions are asked in the “Test” area of Wilson’s Criteria?

A
  1. Is the test easy?
  2. Is the test acceptable?
  3. Is the test cost-effective?
  4. Is the test sensitive?
  5. Is the test specific?
41
Q

What questions are asked in the “Treatment” area of Wilson’s Criteria?

A
  1. Is the treatment acceptable
  2. Is the treatment cost-effective?
  3. Is the outcome of the disease better if treated early?
42
Q

What is the definition Tertiary Prevention?

A

Measures to limit distress or disability cause by the disease
E.g. Osteoarthritis, Motor Neuron Disease

3rd Year - FoPC (4 decks)

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