2. Prevention and Health Promotion Flashcards
What is Health Promotion?
Any planned activity designed to enhance health or prevent disease
What is Health affected by?
- Genetics
- Access
- Environment
- Lifestyle
Of the factors which effect Health, what are affected by Health Promotion?
- Access
- Environment
- Lifestyle
How is health promoted?
- Through legislation
- Through the provision of preventative services, such as:
- a) immunizations
- b) The development of activities to promote, and maintain, change to a healthier lifestyle
Where does Health Promotion vary within the population?
- The Environment
- Sex
- socioeconomic Class
What does Health Promotion involve?
A range of agencies
Where does Health Promotion in the UK look at?
“Settings”
E.g. Workplace, school, and hospital - along with community development
- Is it easy to evaluate Health Promotion?
2. Why?
- No, it is difficult
- a) It is long-term
- b) attempts must be made to justify input of human and financial resources to Health Promotion
What are the 3 Therories of Health Promotion?
- Educational
- Socioeconomic
- Psychological
What does the Education Theory of Health Promotion entail?
Providing knowledge and education to enable necessary skills to rate informed choices, regarding health
What does the Socioeconomic Theory of Health Promotion entail?
Making the Healthy choice the easy choice
E.g. Policy on taxation of unhealthy foods
What does the Psychological Theory of Health Promotion entail?
There is a complex relationship between behavior, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs.
Activities start from an individual attitude to health and readiness to change
There is emphasis on whether the individual is ready to change
What is the definition of Health Promotion?
An over-arching principle / activity which enhances health; and includes disease prevention, health education, and health protection. It may be planned or opportunistic
What is the definition of Health Education?
An activity involving communication with individuals / groups aimed at changing knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior in a direction which is conducive to improvements in health
What is the definition of Health Protection?
Collective activities directed at factors which are beyond the control of the individual - these tend to be regulations / policies, or voluntary codes of practice, aimed at the prevention of ill health or the positive enhancement of well-being
Why is Health Promotion an essential tool for modern healthcare provision?
Poor lifestyle (exercise and diet etc.) leads to an increased burden of chronic diseases on the NHS
What advantages do we have in the UK to enable effective health promotion?
- Schooling from a young age
2. The NHS is available to everyone
In relation to Health Promotion, what does “Empowerment” refer to?
The Generation of power in those individuals and groups which previously considered themselves unable to control situations, nor act on the basis of their choices
In relation to Health Promotion, what is the benefit of “Empowerment”?
- An ability to resist social pressure
- An ability to utilize effective coping strategies when faced by an unhealthy environment
- A heightened consciousness of action
What are the challenges to successful Health Promotion?
- Some doctors are cynical about it and think the money could be better spent
- Majority of health activities in Primary and Secondary care have never been adequately evaluated
What was the governments response to criticism of Health Promotion?
It set up the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)
What is the function of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)?
- To review the evidence
2. To develop appropriate guidelines
What are the “Vital Signs of Quality”?
A common set of criteria to assess the performance and quality of Health Promotion Activities
What do the “Vital Signs of Quality” include?
- Does the activity understand and respond to people’s needs fairly?
- Is it built upon an identifiable approach to Health Promotion?
- Does it demonstrate a sense of direction and coherence?
- Are connections made between settings, individual and community approaches?
What are the stages of the “Cycle of Change”?
- Pre-contemplation (smokes regularly)
- Contemplation (considering stopping)
- Ready for Action (makes plans)
- Action (actively stops smoking)
- Maintenance (Non-smoker)
6) Relapse (starts smoking again)
What are some examples of Planned Health Promotion in Primary Care?
- Posters
- Chronic Disease Clinics
- Vaccinations
What are some examples of Opportunistic Health Promotion in Primary Care?
Advice within surgery:
- Smoking
- Diet
- Taking Blood Pressure
What are some examples of Legislative Health Promotion from the Government?
- Legal Age Limits
- Smoking Ban
- Health and Safety
- Clean Air Act
- Highway Code
What are some examples of Economic Health Promotion from the Government?
- Tax on Cigarettes
2. Tax on Alcohol
What are some examples of Educational Health Promotion from the Government?
Health Education Board of Scotland (HEBS) is responsible for making it part of a curriculum
What is Primary Prevention?
Measures taken to prevent onset of illness or injury
What is the advantage of Primary Prevention?
It reduces the probability and/or severity of an illness or injury
What are some examples of Primary Prevention?
- Smoking Cessation
2. Immunisation (Vaccinations)
Is there any relationship between MMR vaccine and conditions such as Crohn’s Disease or Autism?
OF COURSE NOT YOU FUCKING TWAT - IF THERE WAS WE WOULDN’T BE FUCKING GIVING IT
What is the definition of Secondary prevention?
Detection of a disease at an early (pre-clinical) stage in order to cure, prevent, or lessen symptomatically
When does the opportunity for secondary prevention:
- Start?
- End?
- When the disease becomes evident
2. When the disease becomes symptomatic
What is the criteria used for deciding whether screening for a disease is worth it?
Wilson’s Criteria
What are the 3 areas which Wilson’s Criteria consist of?
- Disease
- Test
- Treatment
What questions are asked in the “Disease” area of Wilson’s Criteria?
- Is the disease important?
- Is the natural history of the disease understood?
- Is there a pre-symptomatic stage of the disease?
What questions are asked in the “Test” area of Wilson’s Criteria?
- Is the test easy?
- Is the test acceptable?
- Is the test cost-effective?
- Is the test sensitive?
- Is the test specific?
What questions are asked in the “Treatment” area of Wilson’s Criteria?
- Is the treatment acceptable
- Is the treatment cost-effective?
- Is the outcome of the disease better if treated early?
What is the definition Tertiary Prevention?
Measures to limit distress or disability cause by the disease
E.g. Osteoarthritis, Motor Neuron Disease
