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Chemistry > (2) Polymers & Amino Acids, Proteins, DNA > Flashcards

(2) Polymers & Amino Acids, Proteins, DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

Define an Addition Polymer.

A

Long chain polymer made from alkene monomers.

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2
Q

Why are Addition Polymers NOT biodegradable?

A

They are made of C-C bonds which are non-polar so are unreactive.

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3
Q

What is Polyethene used for?

A

Carrier bags, drinks bottles and washing-up bowls.

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4
Q

What is Polypropene used for?

A

Car bumpers and Yoghurt pots

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5
Q

What is Polychloroethene used for (PVC)?

A

Aprons, Vinyl records and water pipes.

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6
Q

What is Polypropenenitrile used for (Acrylic)?

A

Clothing and Fabrics.

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7
Q

What is Polyphenylethene used for (Polystyrene)?

A

Packaging and Thermal Insulation.

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8
Q

Define a Condensation Polymer.

A

Joining monomers by releasing water to form a polymer.

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9
Q

Name 2 types of Condensation Polymer.

A

Polyester- made from carboxylic acids and alcohols

Polyamide- made from carboxylic acids and amines

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10
Q

What are the monomers which make up Terylene?

A

ethane-1, 2-diol and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

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11
Q

Draw 1 repeating unit of Terylene.

A

. . H H O O
| | || ||
—-[—O — C — C — O — C — (PHENYL) — C —]—-
| |
H H n

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12
Q

Give a Balanced Equation for the formation of Terylene.

A

CH2(OH)CH2(OH) + C6H4(COOH)2 –> Terylene + H2O

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13
Q

What is Terylene used for?

A

Carpets and Clothing.

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14
Q

What is Terylene an example of?

A

A Polyester.

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15
Q

What is Nylon 6,6 an example of?

A

A Polyamide.

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16
Q

What are the monomers which make up Nylon 6,6?

A

1,6-diaminohexane and hexane-1,6-dicarboxylic acid

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17
Q

Draw 1 repeating unit of Nylon 6,6.

A

. . H H O O
| | || ||
—-[— N — (CH2)6 — N — C — (CH2)4 — C —]—-

                                                                               n
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18
Q

Give a Balanced Equation for the formation of Nylon 6,6.

A

H2N(CH2)6NH2 + HOOC(CH2)4COOH –>

H2N(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)4COOH + H2O

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19
Q

What are the properties of Nylon 6,6?

A

Elastic and strong abrasion resistant.

Used as fibres in clothing.

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20
Q

What is Kevlar an example of?

A

A Polyamide.

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21
Q

What are the properties of Kevlar?

A

Strong, light and heat resistant.

Used to manufacture body armour and crash helmets.

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22
Q

What are the monomers which make up Kevlar?

A

benzene-1,4-diamine and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

23
Q

Draw 1 repeating unit of Kevlar.

A

. . . H H O O
| | || ||
—[— N — (PHENYL) — N — C — (PHENYL) — C —]—-

                                                                                   n
24
Q

Give a Balanced Equation for the formation of Kevlar.

A

C6H4(NH2)2 + C6H4(COOH)2 –> Kevlar + H2O

25
Q

How are Addition Polymers disposed of?

A

At present these types of polymers are either incinerated or buried.
Both of these have significant environmental issues

26
Q

Why are Condensation Polymers biodegradable?

A

Condensation polymers can be hydrolysed under acidic or basic conditions. C-O or C-N bonds in polymer chain which are polar so there is a partially positive Carbon, so they can be hydrolysed.

27
Q

What happens when an Acid is added to a Buffer?

A
  • H+ removed by salt
  • [Salt] decreases
  • [Weak Acid] increases
28
Q

What happens when a Base is added to a Buffer?

A
  • OH- is removed by acid
  • [Salt} increases
  • [Weak Acid] decreases
29
Q

What happens to Amino Acids at a Neutral pH?

A

-A Zwitterion forms.

Amine gains H+ and N becomes positively charged and Carboxyl loses H+ and becomes negatively charged

30
Q

What is the ‘SH’ group called in Cysteine?

A

Sulfonyl.

31
Q

What happens to an amino acid in acidic conditions?

A

Amine group is protonated so N becomes positively charged. If the amino acid’s R group contains an amine, that also becomes protonated.

32
Q

What happens to an amino acid in alkaline conditions?

A

Carboxyl becomes deprotonated and joins to positive ion (e.g. Na+ if the amino acid is reacting with NaOH). If R group contains a COOH, the same occurs. Water is alos produced.

33
Q

What is the bond called between two amino acids?

A

An Amide Link ( C=O joins to N-H )

34
Q

How are Peptides hydrolysed?

A
  • Boil for 24 hours

- 6 mol dm-3 HCl catalyst

35
Q

What is the Primary Structure of proteins?

A

The sequence of amino acids.

36
Q

What is the Secondary Structure of proteins?

A

Hydrogen Bonds form between N-H from an Amide Link and the lone pair on the C=O. Forms an alpha-helix of beta-pleated sheet.

37
Q

How do Hydrogen Bonds form between R groups?

A

Partially positive H attaches to lone pair on O in C=O as N is more electronegative than H. H bonds form between H from N-H and O from C=O.

38
Q

What is the Tertiary Structure of proteins?

A

Unique structure held in place by Hydrogen Bonds, Ionic Interactions (COO- and NH3+) and Disulfide Bonds.

39
Q

Which is the strongest bond within protein structure?

A

Disulfide bonds (covalent).

40
Q

What bonds can 2 Cysteine amino acids form?

A

Disulphide bond. (S-S)

41
Q

How is a Disulfide Bond represented?

A 
H                     H
 |                       |
C --- S --- S --- C
 |                       |
H                     H
42
Q

Why are Enzymes ‘Stereospecific’?

A

Only fit 1 optical isomer in their active site.

43
Q

How does an enzyme catalyse a reaction?

A
  • Substrate binds loosely to enzyme’s active site via intermolecular forces.
  • This reduces the Ea to break bonds within the molecule.
44
Q

Outline the 3 steps of enzyme inhibition.

A
  • An undesirable biological process occurs which is catalysed by an enzyme.
  • A computer is used to determine the shape of the active site, and design another molecule which will fit into the active site. This must be the correct enantiomer.
  • The new molecule is called the inhibitor. This fits into the active site and prevents the substrate from reacting in the active site.
45
Q

How is an enzyme catalysed reaction prevented?

A

Denature the enzyme by heating or changing pH to break intermolecular forces within the secondary and tertiary structure, changing enzyme’s active site shape.

46
Q

What 3 components makes up a DNA Nucleotide?

A
  • A Phosphate
  • A Deoxyribose Sugar
  • A Base
47
Q

How many bonds form between Adenine and Thymine?

A

2.

48
Q

How many bonds form between Cytosine and Guanine?

A

3.

49
Q

Outline DNA Replication during Cell Division.

A
  • The hydrogen bonds between base pairs break, and the two strands start to unravel.
  • New nucleotides come and attach to the separate strands. A always pairs with T, C always pairs with G.
  • The new nucleotides polymerise together by forming a phosphate-sugar bond. This creates a second ‘complementary’ strand of DNA, giving two full DNA molecules,
50
Q

What is Cisplatin?

A

A Cancer Drug.

Binds to DNA, preventing DNA replication.
The 2 Cl- ions are substituted for 2 N atoms on adjacent Guanine bases.

51
Q

How can damage to healthy cells be minimised?

A
  • Target cancerous cells

- Low dosage

52
Q

What is the formula of Cisplatin?

A

[PtCl2(NH3)2]

53
Q

How does Cisplatin work?

A

The CIS isomer has 2 Cl ligands adjacent to each other, and 2 NH3 ligands. It works by binding to the DNA in cancerous cells. This prevents the DNA from unwinding and so the cancer cell cannot replicate. This prevents the growth and spreading of cancerous cells.

Chemistry (29 decks)

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