2. Piaget Flashcards
1
Q
What are the strengths of the naughty teddy study
A
- used a standardised procedure by using the same teddy each time which made the study easy to replicate and higher in reliability
- lots of children have played with teddies so the task was more realistic and valid to children
- adapts on piaget study made the findings more valid
2
Q
What are the weaknesses of naughty teddy study
A
- low in generilaibilty as all pp came from edingburgh schools which may have got children from smarter backgrounds so not a representative sample
- Moore and fryer found if teddy took away a counter children still said the same (weren’t looking)
3
Q
what are the four stages in paiget’s theory of development in order
A
- sensorimotor
- pre operational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
4
Q
what is the age of the sensorimotor stage
A
0-2 years
5
Q
what is the age of the pre operational stage
A
2-7 years
6
Q
what is the age of the concrete operational stage
A
7-11 years
7
Q
what is the age of the formal operational stage
A
11 plus
8
Q
what is the main feature of the sensorimotor stage
A
they develop object permanence
9
Q
how do children learn about the world
A
through their senses
10
Q
what does the sensorimotor stage focus on
A
basic physical coordination
11
Q
what is object permanence
A
knowing an object still exists when they are out of sight
12
Q
what did Piaget do to investigate object permanence
A
he gave a child a toy to play with. then when the child was watching he took the toy and hid it under a blanket
he watched to see whether they would look for the toy
13
Q
what did piaget find when he investigated object permanence?
A
found children under 8 months did not search but 8 months and above did
- therefore had developed object permanence
14
Q
what happens in the pre operational stage (2)?
A
- toddler is mobile but still lack reasoning ability
- focus on one element of a problem and ignore others
15
Q
what is the main feature of the pre operational stage
A
children are egocentric
16
Q
what is egocentrism
A
not being able to see things from another persons point of view
17
Q
do children lose or gain object permanence
A
gain it
18
Q
do children lose or gain egocentrism
A
lose it
piaget suggests from 7 onwards they lose it
19
Q
what did piaget do to investigate egocentrism
A
the three mountain task-
- he showed a model of three mountains and placed a doll somewhere beside the model . the child was shown pictures from each side view and had to choose the view the doll could see
20
Q
what did piaget find when he investigated egocentrism
A
children under 7 chose their own view however older then 7 they were able to choose the right photo
21
Q
what did piaget conclude from his study on egocentrism
A
egocentrism decreases with age and children are no longer egocentric after 7
22
Q
what did piaget believe about the concrete operational
A
by the time they were 7, they developed the ability to conserve
23
Q
what happens in the concrete operational stage (2)
A
- children have much better reasoning ability
- they no longer show centration
24
Q
what was the main ability in the concrete operatonal stage
A
children developed conservation
25
what is conservation
the quantity remains the same even when the appearance changes
26
do children lose or gain conservation
gain it
27
how did piaget investigate conservation
he showed children 2 identical rows of counters, then asked the child if there were the same amount of counters in each row.
- when the child agreed, he spread one row out to make it look BIGGER whilst the child watched
he then asked the SAME question
28
what did piaget find when he investigated conservation
children under 7 said no, children over 7 said yes
29
what is the main feature in the formal operational
children can solve problems in a systematic way( they can focus on one form of the problem and not be distracted by its content)
30
what did piaget believe once they can reason formally
they can become capable of scientific reasoning
31
how did piaget investigate formal reasoning? name?
children were given different lengths of string and weights that could attach to the string
32
what were the results of piagets pendulum problem
children under the age of 11 would change both at the same time but over 11, they would do it systematically (one at a time)
33
what was the aim of piagets study for formal reasoning?
investigate what factor affected how fast it swung- by varying the string and weights
34
what is a weakness of the pendulum problem
too simplistic for such a large age group (11-18)
35
what are the strengths of piagets theory(3)
- his work inspired others to study cognitive development further, led to educational changes improving standards
- supporting evidence- gains qualitive data for his studies, which was full of valid and realistic evidence
- the evidence supports the view children go through stages
36
what are the weaknesses of piagets theory
- underestimates what young children are capable of, contrasting evidence of Hughes and mcgarrigle
- used small samples that were unrepresentative of most children, reliability is lower
- piaget assumed childrens thinking changes rapidly in each stage, when it takes place more slowly- overestimated ability of 11 years olds
37
what are the strengths of Piaget's theory (2) (schemas, assimilation etc.)
- Piaget's theory has led to an enormous amount of research to test ideas
- Piaget's ideas about how children learn has influenced classroom teaching(real world application)
38
what is a weakness of Piaget's theory (schema assimilation etc.)
- used a small sample- involved middle class European children only used children from Switzerland, academic families to develop his theory
39
what was the aim of the naughty teddy study
- to see whether the children reactions would be different if there was no deliberate change (suggesting they could conserve earlier then suggested)
they wondered if the deliberate change meant children thought there actually was a change in numbers
40
what were the results of the naughty teddy study
- 41% gave the correct answer if display was changed deliberately
- 62% gave the correct answer if change was accidental
- both figures were higher for primary children then nursery
- only 16% were able to give the correct answer in Piaget's number study
41
what was the sample for the naughty teddy study
80 children all from Edinburgh
- 40 children were at nursery(mean age 4 yrs 10 months)
- 40 children were at primary (mean age 5yrs and 10 months)
42
what was the method for the naughty teddy study
1. the children were introduced to a naughty teddy(puppet) who was liable to escape and mess up the game
2. they were then shown 2 rows- one with 4 red counters, one with 4 white
3.the teddy jumped out the box and pushed the counters in one row to look SMALLER
4.before and after each child was asked the SAME question pointing to each row "is there more here or here or are they both the same number"
43
what is the conclusion of the naughty teddy study
- the study shows the traditional method of testing conservation underestimates what children could do and that they could conserve at an earlier age
- in the study many of the nursery children did conserve quantity, Piaget said they couldn't at that age
- there was still an age difference, the primary children did better overall then the nursery- does not support Piaget's idea that children's thinking changes as they get older
44
how does Piaget's theory apply in education- child centred learning
- all children go through the same development but at different rates
- so the teacher should arrange activities for individuals and groups
45
how does Piaget's theory apply in education- readiness
- in his view, you cannot teach a child to perform certain activities before they are "biologically" ready( each stage appears through ageing)
- the child should only learn when they are at the right stage of development
- activities should be at appropriate level for child
46
how does Piaget's theory apply in education- learning by discovery and teachers role
- he also believed for understanding to develop a child must learn concepts themselves, it is important that children play an active role in their education
- the teachers role is to create an environment which will stimulate children to ask questions
- the activities should challenge a learner so thinking will develop
47
what are the 4 ways Piaget's theory applies to education
- learning by discovery
- teachers role
- readiness
- child centred learning
48
what does Piaget say you should teach in the sensorimotor stage
provide a rich and stimulating environment, sensory experiment and learn motor coordination
e.g toys that squeak
49
what does Piaget say you should teach in the pre operational stage
games that involve role play and dressing up may reduce egocentricity , hands on activities
e.g plasticine
50
what does Piaget say you should teach in the concrete operational stage
given concrete material to manipulate,
e.g abacus
cooking is good as it involves practical work and instructions
51
what does Piaget say you should teach in the formal operational stage
scientific activities will help develop an understanding of logic, discussion in groups enable people to think about things
52
what are the strengths of Piaget's theory being applied in education (1)
- it has had an enormous effect on education in uk as a report in 1967 said a need for major change in education drawing on Piaget's ideas
53
what are the weaknesses of Piaget's theory being applied in education (3)
- Piaget's ideas of children needing to be ready has been criticised, opposing evidence found children could do tasks if given practice, suggesting readiness doesn't matter
- Piaget's idea of discovery learning may not work for all subjects like math and English, some may be better done formally
- is culturally biased, learning directed by an individual is an individualistic approach, not favoured by some cultures who are collectivists
54
what was the aim of the policeman doll study
- to see if children could cope better with egocentrism tasks at an earlier age then piaget suggested
55
what were the results of the policeman doll study
- 90% children were able to position the boy doll where 2 policeman dolls could not see him
56
what was the conclusion of the policeman doll study
- Piaget underestimated children's abilities
- if the task is designed which is related to everyday experiences, the children can see from others perspectives
- piaget was right that childrens thinking changes with age
57
what was the sample of the policeman doll study
30 children from 3.5 to 5 years old
all from Edinburgh
58
what was the method of the police man doll study
1. the child was shown a model with two intersecting walls. the policeman doll was placed on one side of the child
2. they then put a boy doll in each section and asked if the policeman could see the boy doll (he couldn't in sections a and c)
3. the policeman was then moved to X and aksed the child to hide the boy doll so the policeman could not see it. if the child made mistakes, task was repeated
4. they then placed 2 policeman dolls and asked the child again to hide the boy doll
59
what are the strengths of the policeman doll study(3)
- high in RELIABILITY because it uses a standardised procedure, same equipment and doll used
- supports Piaget's theory of egocentrism but..
- the task made better sense to the children because they could encounter it in everyday life and Hughes made sure they knew what to do
60
what are the weaknesses of the policeman doll study (3)
- low in GENRELISABILITY , only 30 pp all from Edinburgh
- low in VALIDITY, the task is abnormal for children, ecological environment so ppts may not be acting as usual
- researcher may have unconsciously hinted about the correct answer- results may lack VALIDITIY
