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Basic Principles > 2 - Physics > Flashcards

2 - Physics Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ion?

A

Atoms that has gained or lost an electron from their natural composition

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2
Q

What is atomic mass number?

A

sum of protons and neutrons

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3
Q

What is an isotope?

A

same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Same charge, different atomic mass

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4
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing of electrons between atoms

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5
Q

Ion to Ion bonds are electrostatic or covalent?

A

strongest of the electrostatic

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6
Q

Molecules with ionic bonds having _____ melting and boiling points

A

high

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7
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules with the same number and type of atoms and bonds but different structure

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8
Q

Energy is _____ when a bond is formed, and ______ when a bond is broken

A

released

consumed

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9
Q

If energy is consumed when a bond is broken, why does ATP conversion to ATP produce energy?

A

Energy is actually consumed in the process of breaking an ATP bond, but a greater mount of energy is released when the free phosphate form news bonds with hydrogen

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10
Q

Enthaply

A

total of all kinetic and potential energy possessed by a system

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11
Q

Graham’s Law

A

rate of gas diffusion through an orifice is inversely proportional to its molecular weight

This is why smaller molecules (with lower molecular weight) diffuse quicker than large molecules (with higher molecular weight)

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12
Q

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

A

Diffusion of a gas across a semipermeable membrane is directly proportional to the partial pressure gradient, the membrane solubility of the gass, the membrane area

Inversely proportional membrne thickness and molecular weight of the gas

ALLOWS DETERMINATION OF GAS EXCHANGE

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13
Q

Newton’s First Law

A

Inertia

A body in motion tends to stay in motion

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14
Q

Newton’s Second Law

A

Vectors

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15
Q

Newton’s Third Law

A

Law of reciprocal action

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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16
Q

Force

A

Force= mass x acceleration

The amount of energy required to move an object

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17
Q

What is a newton?

A

The force required to accelerate 1 kg of weight 1 m/sec

Equivalent to 1/9.81 kg (102g)

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18
Q

What is a dyne?

A

1/1000th of a newton

used to measure force when newtons are too large a unit to be useful (SVR)

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19
Q

What is pressure?

A

Force over area

F/a

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20
Q

The smaller the area to which a set force is applied, the ______ the pressure

A

higher

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21
Q

What is the standard unit of measure for pressure?

A

Pascal (Pa)

the force of 1 newton over 1 square meter

Pa=1N/1m²

22
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

Cumulative effect of gravity on atmospheric gases

23
Q

Atmospheric gases are _____ concentrated at altitude and ______ concentrated at sea level

A

less

more

24
Q

1 atm is the same as:

x mmHg

x torr

x kPa

A

760

760

100

25
Q

What is a manometer?

A

liquid filled tube that is open to atmospheric pressure on one end and exposed to a pressure for measurement on the other end

26
Q

What is temperature?

A

Average kinetic energy of the particles in a system

27
Q

How do you convert celsius to kelvin?

A

Celsius and Kelvin are the same size units, so you only have to adjust for zero point

K = C + 273.15

28
Q

What is the ideal gas equation?

A

PV = nRT

n = moles

29
Q

What is an ideal gas?

A

No intermolecular forces

Molecules occupy no microscopic value

All collisions are perfectly elastic

30
Q

What is the gas constant (R) ?

A

R = PV/nT

0.0821 (with atm and L)

31
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume

P¹V¹ = P²V²

Can calculate the change in pressure if there’s a change in volume, assuming temperature remains the same

32
Q

Charles’s Law

A

Volume increases directly with temperature

(If pressure is allowed to stay the same)

V¹/T¹ = V²/T²

33
Q

Avogadro’s Law

A

The number of moles varies directly with the volume

For 1L of gas, there will be 0.4m of gas particles

1 mol of gas particles is always equal to 22.4L gas

V¹/V²= N¹/N²

34
Q

Avogadro’s Number

A

6.02 x 10²³

35
Q

Entropy

A

the movement of energy from a high concentration to a low concentration

Universal trend toward equilibration

36
Q

What is adiabatic change?

A

Rapid change expansion or compression of gas that exceeds the speed of energy equilibration with the surrounding environment

entails no increase or decrease in the system’s energy

37
Q

What is Adiabatic energy concentration?

A

compressing a gas quickly intensifies the kinetic energy so that the temperature is higher

Because there is no communication with the environment (pressurizing a tank of oxygen with rigid walls and valves) the same amount of energy is in the system, even though the temperature is higher

38
Q

What is adiabatic energy dilution?

A

lowering the pressure quickly lowers the temperature, but not the total energy

39
Q

If you open an oxygen outlet rapidly what kind of change takes place?

Slowly?

A

Adiabatic

Isothermal

40
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Think IV catheter size

States that radius has the greatest effect on flow

A tripling of the radius has an 81-fold increase in flow

Entire equation includes viscosity, pressure gradient, length and radius of the tube

41
Q

When is turbulent flow present in the airways?

A

medium to large airways

peak flow

coughing

phonation

42
Q

What is the Reynold’s Number used for?

A

Determining the presence of laminar, turbulent, or transitional flow

43
Q

Reynold’s Number Equation

A

Reynold’s = velocity x diameter x density viscosity

44
Q

Giving helium to asthmatic patients is an example of what concept?

A

Laminar Flow/Reynold’s Number

Helium has a lower density, so when inhaled creates laminar flow through a diminished radius

45
Q

Bernoulli’s Principle

A

Describes the effect of fluid flow through a tube containing a constriction

As flow passes through a narrowing in the tube, velocity of the flow increases, which decreases the pressure at the area of the constriction

46
Q

How do you calculate the velocity of a flow rate?

A

Flow (units/time) divided by area

47
Q

Venturi Effect

A

Utilizes the bernoulli principle

Air may be entrained into a flow of liquid, or a liquid may be entrained into the flow of a gas

48
Q

Laplace’s Law

A

Relationship of wall tension to pressure and radius

Cylinders: T = Pr

Spheres: 2T = Pr

49
Q

Using Laplace’s Law, does an aneurysm (increased radius) have a higher or lower tension?

A

Higher tension! So an increase in SBP will affect the aneurysm much more than the artery

50
Q

How does Laplace’s Law apply to alveoli?

A

the smaller the sphere, the higher the tension on its walls. So gas will move from the small sphere to the larger one. Without surfactant to equalize the surface tension of small and large alveoli, they small ones completely collapse and the large ones become overdistended

Basic Principles (15 decks)

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