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Biology IGCSE CIE Extended > 2. Organisation of the Organism > Flashcards

2. Organisation of the Organism Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is cytoplasm found and what does it contain?

A

Cytoplasm is found inside the cell and contains all the other cell structures

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2
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by and what does this do?

A

The large nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane to separate it from the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is the cell wall made of in plant cells and what does it contain?

A

The cell wall is made of cellulose and surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells

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4
Q

What are chloroplasts, where are they found, description?

A

Chloroplasts are organelles found in the cytoplasm that are packed with the pigment chlorophyll and so are green in colour

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5
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Vacuoles are large vesicles that take up a large part of the interior of plant cells

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6
Q

What organelles are visible in almost all cells when looking at higher magnification?

A
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
  • vesicles
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7
Q

What can ribosomes be found in?

A

Ribosomes are tiny structures that can be free within the cytoplasm or attached to a system of membranes within the cell known as Endoplasmic Reticulum

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8
Q

Where are vesicles found?

A

these are small circular structures found moving throughout the cytoplasm

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9
Q

function of the nucleus

A
  • contains genetic material in chromosomes which control how cells grow and work
  • controls cell division
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10
Q

cytoplasm function

A
  • supports cell structures
  • site of many chemical reactions
  • contains water and many solutes
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11
Q

cell membrane function

A
  • holds the cell together

- controls substances entering and leaving the cell

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12
Q

cell wall function

A
  • gives the cell extra support and defines its shape
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13
Q

chloroplasts function

A
  • site of photosynthesis providing food for plants

- chlorophyll pigments absorb light energy needed for the reaction to occur

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14
Q

vacuole function

A
  • contains cell sap
  • used for storage of certain materials
  • also helps support the shape of the cell
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15
Q

mitochondria function

A
  • site of aerobic respiration providing energy for the cell
  • cells with high rates of metabolism (carrying out many different cell reactions) will have significantly higher numbers of mitochondria than cells with lower numbers of reactions taking place in them
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16
Q

ribosomes function

A
  • site of protein production in protein synthesis
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17
Q

vesicles function

A
  • used to safely transport substances from one part of the cell to another
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18
Q

what are specialised cells?

A

those which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions.

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19
Q

What are the adaptations of cells controlled by?

A

These differences are controlled by genes in the nucleus

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20
Q

How do cells specialise? What does it cause?

A

Cells specialise by undergoing differentiation: this is a process by which cells develop the structure and characteristics needed to be able to carry out their functions

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21
Q

what are examples of specialised cells in animals?

A
  • ciliated cell
  • nerve cell
  • red blood cell
  • sperm cell
  • egg cell (ovum)
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22
Q

function of a ciliated cell

A

movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi

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23
Q

ciliated cells adaptations

A

extensions of the cytoplasm at the surface of the cell form hair-like structures called cilia which beat to move mucus and trapped particles up to the throat

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24
Q

nerve cell function

A

conduction of impulses

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25
Q

nerve cell adaptations

A
  • long so that nerves can run to and from different parts of the body to the central nervous system
  • the cell has extensions and branches so that it can commute with other nerve cells muscles and glands
  • the axon (extension of cytoplasm away from the cell body) is covered with a fatty sheath which insulates the nerve cell and speeds up the nerve impulses
26
Q

red blood cell function

A

transport of oxygen

27
Q

red blood cell adaptations

A
  • biconcave disc shape increases surface area for more efficient diffusion of oxygen
  • contains haemoglobin which joins with oxygen to transport it
  • contains no nucleus to increase amount of space available for haemoglobin inside cell
28
Q

sperm cell function

A

reproduction

29
Q

sperm cell adaptations

A
  • the head contains the genetic material for fertilisation in a haploid nucleus (containing half the normal number of chromosomes)
  • the acrosome in the head contains digestive enzymes so that a sperm can penetrate an egg
  • the mid-piece is packed with mitochondria to release energy needed to swim and fertilise the egg
  • the tail enables the sperm to swim
30
Q

egg cell function

A

reproduction

31
Q

egg cell adaptations

A
  • contains a lot of cytoplasm which has nutrients for the growth of the early embryo
  • haploid nucleus contains the genetic material for fertilisation
  • cell membrane changes after fertilisation by a single sperm so that no more sperm can enter
32
Q

What are examples of specialised cells in plants?

A
  • root hair cell
  • xylem vessel
  • palisade mesophyll cell
33
Q

root hair cell function

A

absorption of water and mineral ions from soil

34
Q

root hair cells adaptations

A
  • root hair increases surface area of cell to ensure maximum absorption of water and mineral ions
  • walls are thin to ensure water moves through quickly
  • no chloroplasts present
35
Q

xylem vessel function

A

conduction of water through the plant ; support of the plant

36
Q

xylem vessel adaptation

A
  • no top and bottom walls between xylem vessels so there is a continuous column of water running through them
  • cells are dead without organelles or cytoplasm to allow free passage of water
  • their walls become thickened with a substance called lignin which means they are able to help support the plant
37
Q

palisade mesophyll cell function

A

photosynthesis

38
Q

palisade mesophyll cell adaptations

A
  • column shaped to maximise absorption of sunlight and fit as many in a layer under the upper epidermis of the leaf as possible
  • contains many chloroplasts for maximum photosynthesis
39
Q

cells definition

A

basic functional and structural units in a living organism

40
Q

tissues definition

A

group of cells of similar structure working together to perform the same function

41
Q

organs definition

A

made from different tissues working together to perform specific functions

42
Q

organ systems definitions

A

groups of organs with related functions working together to perform body functions

43
Q

name 9 different organ systems

A
  • shoot
  • root
  • digestive
  • circulatory
  • immune
  • respiratory
  • excretory
  • nervous
  • reproductive
44
Q

shoot system organs

A

leaf
stem
flower
fruit

45
Q

shoot system tissue example

A
  • epidermis mesophyll
  • xylem
  • phloem
46
Q

root system organs

A
  • root

- tuber

47
Q

root system tissue example

A
  • xylem
  • phloem
  • ground tissue
48
Q

digestive system organs

A
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
49
Q

digestive system tissue example

A
  • muscle
  • connective
  • nerve
  • epithelial
50
Q

circulatory system organs

A
  • heart
  • veins
  • arteries
51
Q

circulatory system tissue example

A
  • muscle
  • connective
  • nerve
  • epithelial
52
Q

immune system organs

A

thymus

spleen

53
Q

immune system tissue example

A
  • bone marrow
54
Q

respiratory system organs

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
55
Q

respiratory system tissue example

A
  • muscle
  • connective
  • epithelial
56
Q

excretory system organs

A
  • liver
  • kidney
  • skin
  • lungs
57
Q

excretory system tissue example

A
  • muscle
  • connective
  • nerve
  • epithelial
58
Q

nervous system organs

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

59
Q

nervous system tissue example

A
  • nerve
60
Q

reproductive system organs

A
  • ovary
  • cervix
  • uterus
  • vagina
  • penis
  • testes
61
Q

reproductive system tissue example

A
  • muscle
  • connective
  • nervous
  • erectile

Biology IGCSE CIE Extended (22 decks)

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