2: Organisation of the organism Flashcards
State 4 additional features of eukaryotic cells that are not visible under a light microscope
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Vesicles
Function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Studded with ribosomes. Involved in producing + transporting proteins
Function of vesicles
Transport substances within cells
What types of cells have rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria?
All cell types other than prokaryotes
Cytoplasm function
Site of chemical reactions
3 organelles found only in plant cells
Cellulose cell wall
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts
Function of permanent vacuole
Providing support to the cell
How are ciliated epithelial cells adapted to their function?
Small cilia that line the exposed surface waft back and forwards. The cilia are long and thin so lots of them can waft at the same time.
How are root hair cells adapted to their function?
Lots of mitochondria to provide energy for active transport
Long extension to maximise the surface area available for uptake
How are xylem vessels adapted to their function?
Waterproofed and strengthened by lignin, small diameter so a continuous column of water is maintained, dead cells without organelles so the flow of water isn’t interrupted
How are red blood cells adapted to their function?
No nucleus for more room for haemoglobin, lots of haemoglobin to carry oxygen, biconcave disk shape for a large surface area to volume ratio, thin membrane to minimise diffusion distance.
How are nerve cells adapted to their function?
Ends contain neurotransmitters to send impulses to other neurones, long axon to transmit impulses across long distances, thin to transmit impulses faster, enclosed in a myelin sheath to speed up transmission.
How are sperm cells adapted to their function?
Long tail to help swim to the egg, middle section containing lots of mitochondria to provide the cell with energy to swim to the egg, acrosome at the tip containing enzymes to digest the outer membrane of the egg.
How is an egg cell adapted to its function?
Haploid nucleus so that after fusing with a sperm a diploid organism is produced, lots of cytoplasm for many divisions, lots of nutrients to support the egg until it reaches the womb.
