2 Organisation - Animals and Plants Flashcards
What is plasma in the blood?
Yellow liquid that carries blood cells, proteins and dissolved substances around the body
What are red blood cells?
Biconcave cells that have haemoglobin - carry oxygen
Name the pigment found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen.
Haemoglobin
Which organ system transports substances to and from body cells?
Circulatory system
State the functions of white blood cells.
Engult pathogens, produce antibodies and antitoxins
How does being biconcave help red blood cells with their function?
Increase SA:V for efficient diffusion
How is not having a nucleus good for red blood cells?
More space to pack more haemoglobin
State the function of platelets.
Blood clotting
Name the blood vessel type that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
Artery
Name the blood vessel type that carries blood from the organs back to the heart.
Vein
Name the blood vessel type that is found within organs that link arteries and veins.
Capillaries
State a structural difference between arteries and veins.
A: thicker walls, more elastic tissue, no valves; V: thinner walls, less elastic tissues, have valves
State a difference in the blood flowing in arteries and veins.
A: oxygenated, more nutrients, less wastes; V: deoxygenated, less nutrients, more wastes
The flow of blood in veins relies on ??????
Skeletal muscle contraction
Why can substances diffuse easily between capillaries and the cells?
Thin capillary walls (one cell thick)
What is the double circulatory system?
One part carries blood between heart and lungs; the other carries blood between heart and other organs
Name the vessels that supply oxygen to the heart muscles.
Coronary arteries
Name the large vessel that brings deoxygenated blood back into the heart.
Vena cava
Name the upper chambers of the heart.
Atria
Name the lower chambers of the heart.
Ventricles
Name the vessel that brings deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary artery
Name the vessel that brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Pulmonary vein
Which side of the heart has deoxygenated blood - right or left?
Right
Describe the flow of blood as atria of the heart contract.
Blood flows from atria down to ventricles
Name the large vessel that brings oxygenated blood out of the heart to the body.
Aorta
Why is the muscle wall of the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?
To generate more pressure to force blood all over the body (left side only to lungs)
What is the function of heart valves?
Prevent backflow of blood
Name a method to unblock a coronary artery in the heart.
Stent
Name a drug that reduces blood cholesterol levels.
Statins
What can be used to replace a damaged heart valve?
Biological or mechanical valves
What is a natural pacemaker?
A group of cells in the right atrium that controls the resting heart rate
Briefly describe how an artificial pacemaker works.
Sends strong, regular electrical signals to the heart to stimulate it to contract properly
How are artificial hearts used to treat patients with a damaged heart?
A temporary treatment while waiting for heart transplant
Outline the flow of air from the atmosphere into our lungs, starting from the nasal cavity.
Nasal cavity trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli
What two structures change the pressure inside the chest cavity to ventilate lungs?
Intercostal muscles + Diaphragm
Describe the state of the diaphragm as we breathe in.
Contracts and flattens
Describe the state of the diaphragm as we breathe out.
Relaxes and return to dome shape
State the function of the ribcage.
Protect the heart and lungs
State one adaptation of the lungs for efficient gas exchange.
Lots of alveoli to increase surface area; Rich blood supply/Extensive capillary network; Thin walls (one cell thick)
Why is it important for the lungs to have a rich blood supply?
Maintain steep concentration gradient for efficient diffusion
Name the tissue that covers and protects the surface of plants.
Epidermal tissue
Name the part of the plant that waterproofs the leaf surface.
Waxy cuticle
Name the cell that contains lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
Palisade mesophyll cells
Briefly explain an adaptation of spongy mesophyll tissue in plants.
Big air spaces and large surface area for efficient gas diffusion
Briefly describe the arrangement of xylem and phloem in the stem of a plant.
Organised in bundles, with xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside
State the function of xylem.
Transports water and mineral ions from roots to other parts of the plants
Name the process of the transport of dissoved sugars in plants.
Translocation
State the function of phloem.
Transports dissolved sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant
Which part of the plant allows gases to diffuse in and out of leaves?
Stomata
What controls the opening and closing of stomata?
Guard cells
Define ‘transpiration’.
Loss of water vapour by evaporation from the leaf surface through stomata
Briefly describe the transpiration stream.
Constant movement of water through xylem from roots to leaves
Increasing the rate of photosynthesis will ?????(increase/decrease) the rate of transpiration.
Increase
How does temperature affect rate of transpiration?
Higher temp increases rate
How does humidity affect rate of transpiration?
Higher humidity decreases rate
How does wind or air flow affect rate of transpiration?
More wind increases rate (as maintains steep conc gradient)
How does light intensity affect rate of transpiration?
More light increases rate
Name the equipment used to estimate transpiration rate.
Potometer
