2 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards by saara p

catalysts in catalytic converter

Platinum
Rhodium
Palladium

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equation of removal of harmful nitrogen oxides

2NO + 2CO –> N2 + 2CO2

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homologous series

same functional group
same general formula
similar chemical properties
trend in physical properties

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Chain isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different
structures of the carbon skeleton

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Position isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to
different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton

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Functional group isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with
atoms arranged to give different functional groups

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Thermal Cracking

High pressure (7000 kPa)
High temperatures (400-900C)
Produces alkenes

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Catalytic Cracking

High temperature (450C)
Zeolite catalyst
Produces branched and cyclic alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons

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Test for alkenes

Bromine water

Orange water decolourises

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Test for Aldehydes

Fehling’s Solution
Blue solution to red precipitate

Tollen’s Reagent
Silver mirror formed

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Test for carboxylic acid

Sodium carbonate

Effervescence of CO2

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nucleophile

electron-rich species that can donate a pair of electrons

electron pair donor

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Epoxyethane Properties

C2H4O

carbon single bond angle usually 109.5 in epoxyethane it is 60

This bond angle creates repulsion between the bonding pairs of electrons

Ring is strained so breaks easily, making epoxyethane very reactive

poisonous, carcinogenic, flammable, explosive

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sigma and pi bonds

single bond - sigma

double bond - sigma and pi

pi bond is overlap of p orbital

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Homolytic fission

each atom takes an electron

two radicals formed

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Heterolytic fission

more electronegative atom takes both the electrons

electrophile

electron-deficient species (positive)

attracted to a region of high electron density

electron pair acceptor

Nucleophilic Substitution

haloalkanes with aqueous hydroxide ions (forms alcohol and salt)
-warm aqueous solution

haloalkanes with cyanide ions
-heat under reflux
- aqueous ethanol
-cyanide ions can act as nucleophiles because carbon in cyanide ion has lone pair of electrons

halooalkanes with ammonia
-excess ammonia

Electrophilic Addition

alkenes with bromine

alkenes with sulfuric acid

alkenes with hydrogen bromide

Free Radical Substitution

Reaction of alkanes with bromine / chlorine in UV light

Initiation
Propagation
Termination

Stereoisomers

have the same structural formula but
have a different arrangement of atoms in space

CIP Rules

Only for EZ isomerism

Element with higher atomic number is given higher priority

Split molecule in half vertically, see if higher priority atoms are on same side or different

Markownikoff’s Rule

Hydrogen ( in hydrogen halide and sulfuric acid ONLY) is more likely to bond to the carbon atom attached to the greater number of hydrogen atoms

Attached to less methyl groups so less stable = more reactive

Stability due to positive inductive effect of more alkyl groups

Primary Secondary Tertiary Alchohol

Primary - carbon attached to hydroxyl group is bonded to one carbon atom

Secondary - carbon attached to hydroxyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms

Tertiary - carbon attached to hydroxyl group is bonded to three carbon atoms

Volatility and Solubility of Alcohols

Boiling points: Higher than corresponding alkanes because of hydrogen bonds between molecules Less volatile than corresponding alkanes Alcohols are soluble in water, but as length of carbon chain increases, solubility decreases

Haloalkanes Properties

Carbon and halogen bond is polar Higher boiling points than corresponding alkanes because of permanent dipole-dipole interactions Insoluble in water, soluble in organic compounds

Elimination Reaction

Haloalkane and hydroxide ion (sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide dissolved in ethanol) ethanolic solution heat

Manufacturing of Epoxyethane

Partial Oxidation of Ethene 250-300 C 15 atmospheres Silver catalyst

Alcohol elimination reaction (dehydration)

Alcohol to alkene Lone pair on oxygen bonds with hydrogen ion Water leaves molecule double bond formed

flue gas desulfurisation

Neutralisation reaction CaCO3 + SO2 ----> CaSO3 + CO2

Oxidation Alcohols

Primary ---> aldehyde + water ----> carboxylic acid Secondary ----> ketone aldehyde: -distillation -aldehyde condensed before it can turn into carboxylic acid ketone + carboxylic acid: -heat under reflux -volatile products condensed and returned -forms mixture of products so distill at end aldehydes, ketones = no hydrogen bonds carboxylic acids = yes hydrogen bonds

epoxyethane reaction products

w water = ethan-1,2-diol used in surfactants and anti-freeze w alcohol= range of products from plasticisers to detergents

addition polymerisation

Formation of long-chain molecules from lots of small monomers joining together with NO OTHER PRODUCTS

plasticiser

small molecules that weaken the intermolecular forces between carbon chains which allows them to slide across each other

why do E-Z isomers exist

There is restricted rotation around C-C double bond There are two different groups attached to both carbons of the double bond

acidified potassium dichromate colour change

orange to green