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Cardiovascular Week 5 2016/17 > 2: Oedema - fluid shift across capillary walls > Flashcards

2: Oedema - fluid shift across capillary walls Flashcards

1
Q

What acts as a go-between the blood and body cells?

A

Interstitial fluid

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2
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Extracellular fluid which bathes body cells

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3
Q

Capillaries are made up of a ___ layer of ___ cells.

A

single , endothelial

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4
Q

Capillaries allow for rapid exchange of gases, water and solutes with the ___ ___.

A

interstitial fluid

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5
Q

Blood flow in the capillaries depends on the contractile state of ___.

A

arterioles

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6
Q

Arterioles regulate the blood flow to ___.

A

capillaries

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7
Q

How is blood flow in the capillaries adapted to allow adequate time for exchange?

A

Blood flow is very slow

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8
Q

Why can the heart extract 75% of oxygen from the blood?

A

It has a rich capillary network to allow for exchange, and lots of mitochondria which use the oxygen

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9
Q

Electrolytes, glucose and amino acids (can / cannot) pass through the capillary wall.

A

can

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10
Q

Hydrophilic substances pass through capillary walls by ___.

A

diffusion

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11
Q

Plasma proteins (can / cannot) pass through the capillary wall.

A

cannot

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12
Q

Fluid movement follows which kind of gradient?

A

Pressure gradient

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13
Q

Lipid soluble substances (pass / do not pass) through endothelial cells.

A

pass

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14
Q

How do hydrophilic substances pass through capillary walls?

A

Water-filled pores

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15
Q

Transcapillary fluid flow is driven by ___ ___ across the capillary wall.

A

pressure gradients

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16
Q

Give an equation for Net Filtration Pressure (NFP).

A

NFP = Forces favouring filtration - forces opposing filtration

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17
Q

What, other than the NFP, affects transcapillary fluid flow?

A

Filtration coefficient (Kf)

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18
Q

Across which kind of vessel does resistance to blood flow greatly drop?

A

Arterioles

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19
Q

A positive NFP indicates that (filtration / reabsorption) will occur in the vessel.

A

filtration

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20
Q

A negative NFP indicates that (filtration / reabsorption) will occur in the vessel.

A

reabsorption

21
Q

Starling forces favour ___ at the arteriolar end and ___ at the venular end.

A

filtration , reabsorption

22
Q

Starling forces favour reabsorption at the __ end and filtration at the __ end.

A

venular , arteriolar

23
Q

Starling forces favour reabsorption at the __ end and filtration at the __ end.

A

venular , arteriolar

24
Q

The major force favouring filtration is the…

A

CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

25
Q

The major force opposing filtration is the…

A

CAPILLARY OSMOTIC PRESSURE

26
Q

During a day, ___ tends to exceed ___.

A

filtration , reabsorption

27
Q

How is excess fluid in the interstitium returned to the circulation?

A

Through the lymphatic system as lymph

28
Q

Pulmonary resistance is around __% of systemic resistance.

A

10%

29
Q

In the pulmonary system, which force is greater?

Pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure (filtration)

Pulmonary capillary osmotic pressure (absorption)

A

Pulmonary capillary osmotic pressure (absorption)

So accumulation of interstitial fluid is usually prevented.

30
Q

What is oedema?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

31
Q

What is compromised in pulmonary oedema - why?

A

Gas exchange

The distance diffusion has to take place over increases due to swelling

32
Q

One cause of oedema is ___ capillary pressure.

A

raised

33
Q

In oedema caused by raised capillary pressure, arteriolar ___ causes the venous pressure to ___.

A

dilatation , increase

34
Q

What kind of oedema occurs in patients with left ventricular failure?

A

Pulmonary oedema

35
Q

What kind of oedema occurs in patients with right ventricular failure?

A

Peripheral oedema (ankle, sacral)

36
Q

What cause of raised venous pressure, other than ventricular failure, results in oedema of the ankles?

A

Prolonged standing

37
Q

Heart failure shifts the Frank-Starling curve to the…

A

right.

38
Q

Another cause of oedema is ___ plasma osmotic pressure.

A

reduced

39
Q

What is the normal concentration of plasma proteins in the blood?

A

65-80g/L

40
Q

At what threshold of [plasma protein] will plasma osmotic pressure fall low enough for oedema to start?

A

< 30g/L

41
Q

What is a lymphatic cause of oedema?

A

Lymphatic damage

42
Q

What kind of oedema is associated with lymph node damage?

A

Pitting oedema

43
Q

Oedema can also result from changes in capillary ___.

A

permeability

44
Q

What events can cause changes in capillary permeability - why?

A

Inflammation caused by pro-inflammatory mediators - histamine, bradykinin - causes leakage of protein

45
Q

Pulmonary oedema is the accumulation of fluid in the ___ and ___ lung spaces.

A

interstitial , intraalveolar

46
Q

What is the main symptom of pulmonary oedema?

A

Shortness of breath

47
Q

What would you find on auscultation of the lung bases of a patient with pulmonary oedmea?

A

Crepitations in the lung bases

48
Q

What would be seen in the CXR of a patient with pulmonary oedema?

A

Haziness in hilum area

49
Q

Where is pitting oedema found?

A

Ankles, sacrum

Cardiovascular Week 5 2016/17 (5 decks)

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