Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Hematology > 2. Normal Leukocytes > Flashcards

2. Normal Leukocytes Flashcards

(50 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Which cytokines have leukopoietin activities?

A

Interleukins 1-19
GM-CSF
G-CSF
M-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the major functions of the leukocytes?

A

Protection against foreign and malignant cells and molecules

Phagocytosis of foreign antigens
Lysis of foreign and infected body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the overall functions of the immune system?

A 
Encounters - recognition cells
Recognition
Activation
Deployment
Discrimination
Regulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Null cells (killer cells, natural killer cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes do?

A

B lymphocytes - humoral immune responses by transformation into plasma cells

T lymphocytes- cellular immune responses, regulation of antibody reactions, help or suppress B lymphs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the sites of maturation?

A

Interleukins differentiate into lymphoid stem cells

Stem cells in the thymus differentiate into T lymphs

Stem cells in the bone marrow differentiate into B lymphs

Secondary tissues - lymph nodes, spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 stages of lymphocyte development?

A

Lymphoblast
Prolymphocyte
Lymphocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does a cell look like in the lymphoblast phase?

A

15-20 micrometers
Nucleus cytoplasm ratio 4:1
Nucleus is round, 1-2 nucleoli, fine chromatin clumping
Cytoplasm has no granules, small, medium blue, may have dark blue border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does a cell look like in the prolymphocyte stage?

A

15-18 micrometers
3:1 ratio
Nucleus oval to slightly dented, 0-1 nucleoli, slightly dense chromatin clumping
Cytoplasm may have azurophilic granules, small, medium blue with dark rim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does a lymphocyte look like?

A

6-9 micrometers small, 17-20 micrometers large
3:1 or 2:1
Nucleus oval may have indents, no nucleoli, dense, clumped chromatin
Cytoplasm few granules, light blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why are lymphocytes able to be differentiated from monocytes and granulocytes?

A

Cells have specific antigenic receptors on their membranes and in their cytoplasm that can be identified by antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the normal range for lymphocytes in adult blood?

A

20-40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

The production of leukocytes (wbc’s)

Partially in bone marrow, some in lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some differences between monocytes and lymphocytes?

A 
Shape 
Size
Nucleus
Nucleoli
Cytoplasm
Granules
Vacuoles

SEE PAGE 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Most numerous leukocytes circulating in blood (50-70%), High numbers in the bone marrow and blood because it’s lifespan is the shortest

SEE PAGE 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the maturation sequence of the neutrophil?

A 
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Band cell
Segmented neutrophil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does a myeloblast look like in the neutrophil maturation sequence?

A

Largest size 15-20micrometers
Ratio 7:1, 5:1
Nucleus round/oval, central, light red blue chromatin clumping, 1-3 nucleoli
Cytoplasm no granules, blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does a promyeloctye look like in the neutrophil maturation sequence?

A

Size gets bigger 12-24 micrometers
Ratio 5:1, 3:1
Nucleus is round/oval, central, fine chromatin clumping, red-blue, 1-2 nucleoli
Cytoplasm basophilic, azurophilic, non specific granules are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does a myelocyte look like in the neutrophil maturation sequence?

A

First time you can differentiate which of the granulocytes the cell is
Size 10-18 micrometers
Ratio 2:1, 1:1
Nucleus oval/round, may have slight indent, usually eccentric, red-blue, chromatin, slight clumping, 0-2 nucleoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does a metamyelocyte look like in the neutrophil maturation sequence?

A

Size 10-18 micrometers
Ratio 1:1
Nucleus indented, kidney shaped, central, light blue/purple, basophilic chromatin, clumped, 0 nucleoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does a blast look like in the neutrophil maturation sequence?

Study These Flashcards
A

Size 10-16 micrometers
Ratio 1:1, 1:2
Nucleus elongated, horseshoe shaped, purple-red, clumped chromatin, 0 nucleoli
Cytoplasm pink, neutrophilic granules

22
Q

What does a segmented neutrophil look like in the neutrophil maturation sequence?

Study These Flashcards
A

50-70% in pbs,bm
Size 10-16 micrometers
Ratio 1:3
Nucleus 2-5 distinct lobes, central, purple-red, chromatin clumped, no nucleoli
Cytoplasm pink, abundant amount, neutrophilic granules

23
Q

What are the names of the two types of granules that neutrophils can have?

Study These Flashcards
A

Primary (azurophilic or non specific)
- lysozyme, acid phosphatase, elastase

Secondary (specific)
- lysozyme, NADPH oxidase, Lactoferrin, Cytochrome b

24
Q

What is the function of a neutrophil?

Study These Flashcards
A

To locate and destroy pathogenic microorganisms by phagocytosis

One half of neutrophils are circulating and the other are marginating (rolling along the endothelium)
Movement is one way

25
What is the migration sequence of the neutrophil?
1. Margination, adherence and anchoring 2. Diapedesis 3. Migration
26
What is margination?
Normal | Cells roll along in contact with the endothelial cells, patrolling the inside walls of the vessels
27
What is adherence?
Neutrophil flattens against the endothelial wall due to chemicals released during inflammation Can be irreversible due to anchoring
28
What is diapedesis?
Follows anchoring, where neutrophils move through the junctions between endothelial cells in response to chemotaxins, and into the tissues
29
What is migration?
Neutrophils respond to the chemotaxins and move towards areas of infection
30
What are chemotaxins?
Naturally occurring substances Released from injured or infected tissues, lymphocytes, leukocytes involved in immune response, and invading organisms. Neutrophil must have membrane receptors for the chemotatic substance
31
What is involved in the killing cascade (phagocytosis)?
``` Immune adherence (recognition) Endocytosis (engulfment) Lysosome fusion Killing and digestion Exocytosis ``` Begins when the neutrophil arrives at the site of inflammation
32
What is involved in the recognition/immune adherence stage of phagocytosis?
Neutrophil must recognize the foreign antigen that's causing the infection and bind to it through the process immune adherence, stimulating endocytosis
33
What is endocytosis?
The pseudopods of the neutrophil membrane surround the bacterium and form a phagocytic vacuole, called a phagosome, and is engulfed by the neutrophil
34
What is lysosome fusion?
Once a phagosome is formed, azurophilic and neutrophilic granules attach to its walls and empty their contents into the vacuole
35
What is the most potent killing device in the neutrophil?
The respiratory burst NADPH Oxidase is activated and reacts to reduce oxygen to superoxide. It is then combined with hydrogen ions by the enzyme superoxide dismutase to produce hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. The enzyme myeloperoxidase uses the peroxide and halide elements to generate highly reactive oxidizing radicals, killing bacteria by peroxidation.
36
What is exocytosis?
The dead microorganism is digested by the hydrolytic enzymes from the lysosomes and useful components are absorbed by the neutrophils cytoplasm, waste is ejected from the cell
37
How long does a neutrophil continue to phagocytosing?
Will continue until they are degranulated and full of vacuoles, they will then lyse, die, and convert to pus cells. This amplifies the inflammatory response. A healthy response to a infection will produce 15-30x10^9/L neutrophils
38
What are the stages of monocyte development?
Monoblast Promonocyte Monocyte
39
What are monocytes?
2-9% in peripheral blood Monocytes in blood are immature cells, once in the tissues the monocytes undergo rapid transformation into macrophages, which produce a lot of lysozymes.
40
What are the functions of macrophages?
``` Phagocytic response to foreign antigens Immune recognition Secretory effector Iron metabolism Preserve a youthful and healthy population of blood cells ```
41
What is the macrophages role in the phagocytic response to foreign antigens?
Macrophages are responsible for phagocytosis of dead neutrophils and body tissue in acute infections, but predominate in chronic infections where neutrophils are ineffective. Are activated by cytokines from CD4 T Cells (INF-y), secrete monokines such as interleukin-1 which activates CD4 T cells, stimulates hepatocytes to secrete proteins and GM-CSF production for the inflammatory response.
42
What suppresses activation of microphages?
Suppressed by the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from T cells and from the macrophage itself
43
What is the macrophages role in immune recognition?
Play a role in recognizing foreign antigens by lymphocytes Act as APC (antigen presenting cells), in which they bind, engulf, digest and modify the antigen and present it to CD4 and B lymphs for recognition
44
What are the functions of monocyte/macrophage secretions?
``` Removal of old blood cells Stimulation of self-defence Modulation of immune function Regulation of hematopoiesis Stimulation of inflammatory reactions Removal of infectious organisms by phagocytosis ```
45
What are eosinophils?
A granulocyte Eosinophils make up 2-4% of blood, granules are rich in major basic protein, the membrane has large numbers of H1 and H2 histamine receptors and IgE receptors.
46
What is the function of H1 and H2 receptors?
H1 receptors tend to produce the symptoms and activate allergic reactions H2 receptors tend to act as negative feedback and turn the allergic reaction off
47
What is the function of eosinophils?
To release their secondary granules to kill parasites and function in instantaneous hypersensitivity reactions in tissues Show up more in people with allergies
48
What are basophils?
A granulocyte, also called mast cells 0-2% in blood Blood basophils are immature and transform into mast cells in the tissues Have irregular shaped specific basophilic granules Granules contain sulphated glycosaminoglycans, histamine, some enzymes, and eosinophil chemotatic factor (ECF-A) Presence of large numbers of high-affinity IgE-Fc receptors
49
What is the function of a basophil?
Are capable of ingesting foreign particles and produce heparin and histamine Help to initiate immune responses
50
How to eosinophils and basophils work together in immune responses (allergic responses)?
Mast cells produce the immediate hypersensitivity reaction and symptoms of anaphylaxis. Eosinophils follow up and suppress, at the appropriate time, what the mast cells have created. SEE PAGE 31

Hematology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions