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Sleep > 2. Neural Basis of Sleep > Flashcards

2. Neural Basis of Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

electroencephalogram

A
  • EEG = measures electrical brain activity from the scalp
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2
Q

electrooculargram

A
  • EOG = measures eye movements
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3
Q

electromyogram

A
  • EMG = muscle activity (usually chin or legs)
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4
Q

polysomnography

A
  • PSG = all the techniques used to record information about sleep
  • objective measure often delivered with a sleep survey
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5
Q

delta

A

< 4Hz

> 50Mv

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6
Q

theta

A

4-7Hz

10-50Mv

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7
Q

alpha

A

8-13Hx

5-15Mv

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8
Q

beta

A

> 13Hz

< 5Mv

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9
Q

frequency and amplitude

A
  • used to classify different levels of arousal and sleep states
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10
Q

frequency

A

amount of oscillations in a given time (a second)

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11
Q

amplitude

A

size of oscillation

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12
Q

sleep-wake regulation

A
  • many neurotransmitters involved in sleep, some excitatory and others inhibitory (some stabilising neuromodulators)
  • all help govern sleep
  • psychiatric disorders often have impairments in these
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13
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine
  • Histamine
  • Noreadrenaline
  • Serotonin
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14
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A
  • Galanin

- GABA

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15
Q

neuromodulators

A
  • hypocretin (orexin)
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16
Q

pineal

A
  • gland found in the thalamus
  • produces melatonin
  • feeds back on master clock and gives a biological representation of the dark as it is released at night
  • light blocks melatonin, interacting with the circadian rhythm by blocking sleep
  • light also has an alerting effect
  • keeps us aligned to local time
17
Q

diurnal

A

active during the day

18
Q

nocturnal

A

active during the night

19
Q

how do we know when to sleep?

A
  • circadian rhythms
  • function of living organisms that display a rhythm of about 24h (sleep)
  • different structures and processes take place over the 24h cycle (hormones, skin repair, appetite)
  1. sleep wake regulation - suprachiasmatic nucleus
  2. homeostasis
  3. Pineal
20
Q

sleep wake regulation

A
  • suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • internal representation of time
  • if destroyed there is no 24h rhythm
  • SCN neurons display 24h cycle even after removed
  • SCN is an internal clock with all cells having a 24h cycle, this is how we control our circadian rhythm
  • circadian rhythm particularly sensitive to light (sets clock)
  • Ibuka & Kawamura (1975)
  • Zaidi et al (2007)
21
Q

Ibuka & Kawamura (1975)

A
  • lesions the SCN in rats

- found that the rats no longer had regulation in their 24h rhythms

22
Q

exogenous zietgebers

A

External cues which regulate our internal body clock

23
Q

endogenous pacemaker

A

internal mechanisms that govern biological rhythms, in particular the circadian sleep/wake cycle
- E.G. the SCN

24
Q

Zaidi et al (2007)

A
  • even if you are blind you can still entrain your internal clock through light
  • melanopsin in photo-sensitive retinal gangloin cells does this (SCN depends on these exogenous zietgebers)
25
Q

homeostasis

A

= sleep pressure (need for sleep)

  • works with biological and circadian clock to regulate
  • as homeostatic drive for sleep increases, circadian drive for arousal decreases
  • this resets the next day
26
Q

sleep pressure

A

= build up of adenosine

  • when ATP is broken down adenosine is the bi-product
  • as ATP is used throughout the day adenosine builds up
  • end of day = highest levels of adenosine (resets next day; Moore, 2007)
27
Q

awake (stage)

A
  • alpha > beta
  • high frequency
  • low amplitude activity
28
Q

stage 1

A
  • nodding off
  • theta activity = very relaxed
  • drop in HR and body temp
  • muscles start to relax
29
Q

stage 2

A
  • transition to deep sleep
  • sleep spindles (bursts of activity) from thalamus projecting to cortex (thought to play a role in memory consolidation)
  • 12-14Hz trains of high frequency waves thought to inhibit processing to keep the individual in a tranquil state
  • k complexes also found
30
Q

k complexes

A
  • brain and body trying to stop anything external waking you up
  • trying to get you into a deep sleep
  • transition
  • BIPHASIC wave that stands out from the rest of the EEG recording
31
Q

stage 3 and 4

A
  • moving towards deeper sleep
  • transitioning to delta activity
  • large amplitudes = slow wave sleep = groups of neurons firing at the same time, synchronising in a collective way
  • night terrors occur if woken here
  • very popular stages of research (memory consolidation)
32
Q

REM

A
  • similar to when awake
  • EOG large due to moving eyes
  • EMG - little of no activity as almost paralysed (would act out your dreams otherwise)
  • important in managing emotions and processing information from the day
33
Q

the cycle

A
  • fall asleep > skip REM sleep and straight into stage 1
  • first cycle a lot of time is spent in stage 4 sleep
  • back out into REM = 1 cycle
  • 5 cycles roughly in a night (each approximately 90 minutes)
  • deeper stages reduce as night progresses
  • REM sleep increases as night progresses, often wake in this stage (sometimes not remember they woke)
34
Q

reticular activating system

A
  • ascending arousal system = excitatory neurotransmitters keep us awake as they inhibit the sleep cycle
  • this includes acetylcholine, dopamine, histamine, noreadrenaline and serotonin
  • hypocretin (orexin) ‘flips the switch’ on the sleep cycle
35
Q

hypothalamic sleep system

A
  • primary inhibitory (sleep promoting) system located in the ventrolateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus (VLPO)
  • inhibits arousal system (excitatory neurotransmitters
36
Q

hypocretin (orexin)

A
  • hypocretin (orexin) ‘flips the switch’ on the sleep cycle (synthesised in the hypothalamus)
  • hypocretin promotes wakefulness, inhibitory neurotransmitters block it (indirectly inhibited by adenosine)
37
Q

how do the neurotransmitters promote sleep and wakefulness

A
  • noreadrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), histamine (his), hypocretin/orexin (Orx), Acetylcholine (Ach) all innervate the cortex as they are excitatory
  • as adenosine builds throughout the day, hypocretin is inhibited
  • inhibitory neurotransmitters from the ventrolateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus (VLPO) include GABA and Galanin - they then inhibit all of the excitatory neurotransmitters and sleep follows

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