2. Nervouse Communication

Question 1

Function of receptor

Answer 1

Cell or protein on cell surface membranes which detect stimuli

Question 2

Why are they lots of different types of receptors?

Answer 2

As receptors are specific to one type of stimulus

Question 3

What are effectors?

Answer 3

cells that bring about a response to stimulus - produce effect.

Question 4

Example of effectors.

Answer 4

Muscle cells
Cells found in glands
Pancreas

Question 5

Link between receptors and effectors

Answer 5

They communicate via nervous system or hormonal system

Question 6

What is nervous system made up of ?

Answer 6

Neurones

Question 7

3 neurones

Answer 7

Sensory
Motor
Relay

Question 8

Sensory neurone

Answer 8

Transmit electrical impulses from receptors to CNS

Question 9

Motor neurones

Answer 9

Transmit electrical impulses from CNS to effector

Question 10

Relay neurones

Answer 10

Transmit electrical impulses between sensory and motor neurones

Question 11

What happens after stimulus is detected by the receptor cells ?

Answer 11

Electrical impulse sent along sensory neurone.
When the electrical impulse reaches end of a neurone chemicals called neurotransmitters take information across the synapse to next neurone.
Another electrical impulse is then generated.
CNS processes info and sends impulses along motor neurone to effector.

Question 12

What is the central nervous system an example of ?

Answer 12

Coordinator

Question 13

Function of coordinator

Answer 13

Formulate appropriate response to stimulus before sending impulse to effector

Question 14

Example.

When you see someone waviness at you and you wave back

Answer 14

Stimulus - see friend waving.
Receptor- light receptors (photo receptors) in your eyes detect wave. Electrical impulses carried by sensory neurone to CNS.
CNS - processes information and sends electrical impulse along a motor neurone.
Effector - muscle cells stimulated by motor neurone
Response - muscles contract to wave arm back.

Question 15

Example of
Receptor
Coordinator
Effector

Answer 15

Receptor - photo receptors.
Coordinator - CNS
Effector - muscle cells

Question 16

What neurone stimulates the effector ( muscle cell)

Answer 16

Motor neurone.

Question 17

When an electrical impulse reaches the end of the neurone, chemical messengers called neurotransmitters secreted directly onto cells, what does this mean?

Answer 17

Nervous response is localised.

Question 18

Why are neurotransmitters quickly removed after found job?

Answer 18

So response is short lived.

To stop response continually occurring.

Question 19

What are the cells neurotransmitters are released on to ?

Answer 19

Target cells

Specific receptors for neurotransmitters

Question 20

What is a simple reflex.

Answer 20

Rapid
Involuntary response to stimulus
Automatic
Protective

Question 21

How are simple reflected involuntary and automatic?

Answer 21

The pathway of communication goes through spinal cord but not thought conscious parts of the brain.
No time to spend deciding how to response.

Question 22

when are Nervous impulses are voluntary ?

Answer 22

When they involve conscious parts of the brains.

You have time to think.

Question 23

Example of simple reflect.

Hand withdrawal response.

Answer 23

Stimulus - touch hot surface.
Receptor - thermoreceptors In skin detect heat stimulus. Sensory neurone carried impulse to CNS.
CNS - a relay neurone in spinal cord carries impulse to Motor neurone.
Effector- Motor neurone carries impulse to muscle cells in biceps.
Response - bicep muscle contracts to pull hand away from heat source.

Question 24

What happens if there is a relay neurone in the simple reflex?

Answer 24

Then it’s possible to override the reflex eg brain could tell your hand to withstand heat