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General Biology I (NYA) > 2. Molecules of Life > Flashcards

2. Molecules of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the units of polymer?

A

Monomer

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2
Q

What type of linkage is in carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic linkage

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3
Q

What is a monosaccharide and give a few details?

A

A monosaccharide is a single molecule of carbohydrate. It usually forms in rings and a common example is a glucose.

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4
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkage.

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5
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides are more than 2 monosaccharides joined into a bulky molecule with glycosidic linkage.

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of monosaccharides and what distinguishes them?

A
  1. Aldoses have C=O at one end

2. Ketoses have C=O in the middle

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7
Q

What is sucrose, lactose and maltose composed of (monosaccarides)? (these 3 carbs are sugars)

A

Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Maltose (glucose + glucose)

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8
Q

What are examples of types of carbs (5)?

A

Sugars, glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin

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9
Q

What is sugar?

A

Sugar is a type of carbohydrate that is used for immediate energy.

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10
Q

What is glycogen and it’s function, it’s type of linakage and the enzyme that breaks it down?

A

Glycogen is the energy used for storage in animals, it has 1-4 alpha-glucose linkage, and it is broken down by the enzyme called glycogen phosphorylase (amylase also does it).

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11
Q

What is starch and it’s function, it’s type of linkage and the enzyme that breaks it down?

A

Starch is a type of carbohydrate that is used as energy storage in plants, it has a 1-4 alpha-glucose linkage, and the enzyme that breaks it down is amalyse.

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12
Q

What is cellulose and it’s function, it’s type of linkage, and the enzyme that breaks it down?

A

Cellulose is a type of carbohydrate that is used for structural strength in plants, it has a 1-4 beta-glucose linkage, and only a few animals can break it down (cows/termites basically herbivores) enzyme is called cellulase.

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13
Q

What is chitin and it’s function, it’s type of linkage, and the enzyme that breaks it down?

A

Chitin is a carbohydrate that is used for structural strength in the walls of fungi, it has a 1-4 beta-glucose linkage, and the enzyme that breaks it down is called chitinase.

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14
Q

Describe what lipids are and give 3 examples of them.

A

Lipids are non-traditional polymers, the bonds between their monomers are ester linkage, they are non-polar and hydrophobic and assembled by the same rxn as carbs. Examples

  1. Triacylglycerol (fats) -energy storage
  2. Phospholipids - waterproofing (repel), make up the cell membrane
  3. Steroids (cell membrane)
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15
Q

What is the chemical difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

They are both isomers of each other, the hydroxyl group is flipped. GO LOOK AT VIDS ON RECOGN AND SHAPE

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of triacylglycerol and the difference between them?

A

Triacylglycerol is made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

  1. Saturated fat: has no C=C double bond and solid at room temp
  2. Unsaturated fats: has C=C double bonds and liquid at room temperature. They also have less H, usually 2 less.
17
Q

Why are saturated fats bad?

A

Because they are solid at room temperature and their fatty acid tails are straight and may interlock with each other.

18
Q

How to recognize a fatty acid from the chemical formula?

A

The numbers of carbon and oxygen don’t match.

19
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

They are a type of lipid that have hydrophobic/hydrophilic regions, they have 2 tails with phosphate and make up our cell membrane. They are amphipathic molecules.

20
Q

What are steroids and where are they found?

A

Steroids are lipids with carbon ring structures, found in cell membranes, cholesterol and hormones.

21
Q

What are proteins?

A

They are biomolecules made from the same set of 20 amino acids linked by peptide bonds, there are different categories of them (polar, non-polar, electrically charged)

22
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structures and describe them?

A
  1. Primary structure= the single chain of amino acid
  2. Secondary structure = take chains and fold them into alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheets, held together by hydrogen bonds
  3. Tertiary structure= Take those sheets and interweave them, held together by interactions between hydrophobic and hydrophilic R-groups. As well as hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges.
    4 Quaternary structure= put 2 or more polypeptide chains together.
23
Q

What is the name of the protein that helps with the folding of other proteins?

A

Chaperonin

24
Q

What are the bad conditions for protein structures and what do they cause?

A

High pH, high temperature and they may cause denaturation. However, renaturation may occur when conditions return to normal.

25
Q

What type of biomolecules are enzymes?

A

Proteins

26
Q

List the 7 functions of proteins and give an example of each

A
  1. Enzymatic proteins: speed up chemical reactions (Digestive enzymes)
  2. Storage proteins: storage of amino acid (Casein)
  3. Defensive proteins: Protection against disease (Antibody)
  4. Transport proteins: Transport of substance (Hemoglobin)
  5. Hormonal proteins: Coordination of an organism’s activities (Insulin)
  6. Contractile and motor proteins: movement (Motor proteins)
  7. Receptor Proteins: Response of cell to chemical stimuli (Receptors)
  8. Structural proteins: structural support (Keratin-the protein of hair)
27
Q

What are Nucleic Acids?

A

They are biomolecules that store and transmit hereditary information. There are 2 types: deoxyribonucleic acids and ribonucleic acid.

28
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA provides information for it’s own replication and directs RNA synthesis while RNA directs protein synthesis.

29
Q

What are the subunits for Nucleic Acids and what are the bonds between them called?

A

Nucleotides and the linkage is phosphodiester

30
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

A phosphate group, a sugar, and either a pyrimidine or a purine.

31
Q

What are the nucleotides pairing in DNA?

A

Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine (hydrogen bonds between)

32
Q

What is the chemical composition of a protein?

A

Amino group, alpha carbon, R group, carboxyl group.

33
Q

What are the pyrimidines? (name them)

A

Cytosine, thymine and uracil

34
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine and guanine

35
Q

What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1

General Biology I (NYA) (2 decks)

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