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2TRN B12: Human Disease > 2: Memory, Coma, Motor Regions > Flashcards

2: Memory, Coma, Motor Regions Flashcards

1
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale

A

most common neurological scoring system used to describe level of consciousness following a traumatic brain injury

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2
Q

GCS contraindication

A

not used w children (esp young ones who don’t have reliable language skills)

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3
Q

3 behaviours assessed by GCS

A

eye opening
best verbal response
best motor response

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4
Q

ways to interpret the total score of the GCS

A

15 = best response
8 or less = Comatose client (in a state of coma)
3 = totally unresponsive

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5
Q

how is the GCS expressed

A

indicating the total sum of the score but also the individual elements:
“GCS 9 = E2 V4 M3 at 07:35”

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6
Q

general classification of brain injury

A

Severe, GCS <8-9
Moderate, GCS 8 - 12
Minor, GCS >/= 13

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7
Q

4 main Vital Signs monitored + 2 additional signs monitored

A
  1. blood pressure
  2. pulse rate
  3. respiratory rate
  4. temperature
    * oxygen saturation
    * *pupillary size
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8
Q

average normal values for the 4 vital signs

A
  1. blood pressure: less than 120/80 mmHg
  2. pulse rate: 60-100 bpm
  3. resp rate: 12-16 breaths/min
  4. temp: 36.5 - 37.2 degrees Celsius
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9
Q

high blood pressure?

A

140/90 mmHg or greater

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10
Q

high body temp (fever)?

A

1 degree above normal range. can also have hyPOthermia

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11
Q

two monitoring tests for the brain

A

EEG

Neuroimaging

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12
Q

EEG? function?

A

ElectroEncephaloGraphy: detects electrical activity of brain (only 0.1% - 1%) still, useful for investig neuro disorders

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13
Q

Neuroimaging options

A
  1. X-rays: plain/computed tomography (CT) etc
  2. Magnetic Resonance (MRI/MRA [Mag. Res. Angiography])
  3. Radioisotopes: PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography)/ SPECT (Single photon emmission computed tomography)
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14
Q

sequence for assessing a comatose patient

A
  1. Glasgow Coma Scale
  2. Vital signs
  3. X-rays
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15
Q

Causes for coma (x3)

A
  1. Diffuse brain dysfunction
    - metabolic/toxic disorders depressing brain function (drug overdose, chronic hypoxia, epilepsy)
  2. Direct effect
    - within brainstem
    - a lesion may inhibit reticular formation
  3. Pressure effect
    - mass lesion within the brain that compresses the brainstem thus inhibiting retic. formation
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16
Q

duration of long and short term memory

A

LT-days to years

ST - seconds to hrs

17
Q

consolidation

A

process of fixing short to long term memory

18
Q

path travelled by “memory” in process of consolidation

A
  1. from sensory association areas to hippocampus
  2. after encoding, relayed back to sensory association areas and no longer dependent on hippocampal complex for retrieval
19
Q

working memory

A

temporary memory - holds and interconnects various pieces of info for task at hand

20
Q

short-term memory

A

initial storage of newly acquired info

21
Q

destine of ST memory

A
  1. can be consolidated into LT

2. is forgotten

22
Q

how to consolidate ST memory to LT

A
  1. active practice

2. rehearsal

23
Q

LT memory overview

A
  1. larger storage capacity than ST

2. different types stored in different association areas of brain

24
Q

two types of LT memory

A
  1. declarative

2. procedural

25
Q

declarative LT memory

A
  1. episodic memory (life events)

2. semantic memory (facts)

26
Q

procedural LT memory

A

“muscle memory” such as playing piano/riding bike

27
Q

synaptic differences between LT and ST memory

A

ST: involves transient modifications of pre-existing synapses (eg. less neurotransmitter transmitted)
LT: permanent structural OR functional changes in synapses. also involves formation of new, permanent synapses

28
Q

synthesis of proteins difference between LT and ST

A

LT activates specific genes controlling synthesis of proteins for making of new synapses
ST does not, only strengthens preexisting synapses

29
Q

relevance of ST and LT

A

storage of newly acquired info always involves at least these 2 stages

30
Q

compare: inability to retrieve

A

ST: permanently forgotten
LT: usually only transiently unable to access

31
Q

compare: retrieval time

A

ST: rapid retrieval
LT: slower retrieval*
*except deeply ingrained memories

32
Q

compare: duration

A

ST: sec to hrs
LT: days to yrs

33
Q

compare: capacity

A

ST: limited
LT: v large

34
Q

compare: time of storage AFTER acquisition of new info

A

ST: immediate
LT: must be transferred to LT through consolidation; enhanced by repetition/practice

35
Q

compare: mechanism of storage

A

ST: transient mods in preexisting synapses (eg. altering amount of neurotransmt)
LT: permanent structural OR functional changes in synapses; creation of new synapses - involves protein synthesis

2TRN B12: Human Disease (7 decks)

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