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IB Physics HL > 2. Mechanics > Flashcards

2. Mechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

Define displacement

A

The length and direction of the line segment joining the initial and final positions of an object

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2
Q

Define velocity

A

Rate of change of displacement

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3
Q

Define acceleration

A

Rate of change of velocity

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4
Q

What is the acceleration for an object travelling in the positive direction (speeding up/slowing down)?

A

Speeding up: Positive acceleration

Slowing down: Negative acceleration

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5
Q

What is the acceleration for an object travelling in the negative direction (speeding up/slowing down)?

A

Speeding up: Negative acceleration

Slowing down: Positive acceleration

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6
Q

Define positive acceleration

A

Velocity increasing/velocity decreasing in opp. direction

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7
Q

Define negative acceleration

A

Velocity decreasing/velocity increasing in opp. direction

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8
Q

What does the area under an acceleration-time graph show?

A

Change in velocity

Velocity may not start from zero

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9
Q

What are the 2 assumptions made in the kinematics equations?

A
  1. Acceleration is constant

2. When t=0, s=0

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10
Q

What 2 factors cause air resistance (AR) to increase?

A
  1. An increase in mass

2. An increase in speed

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11
Q

Define terminal velocity

A

The constant velocity reached by a falling object when the drag force equals in magnitude to the force that is accelerating the object
(fluid resistance is the horizontal version of this)

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12
Q

Define drag force

A

The retarding force due to air resistance

Directly proportional to the speed of the object

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13
Q

What does a ‘projectile motion’ graph look like?

A

A parabola

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14
Q

Difference between a no-AR graph and an AR-graph for projectile motion?

A
  1. Non-symmetrical
  2. Lower max height
  3. Shorter range
  4. Travels further horizontally on the way up than the way down
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15
Q

Describe the motion of a projectile, both horizontal and vertical

A

Horizontal: Uniform velocity
Vertical: Uniform acceleration

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16
Q

What are the 3 different types of fields, and what do they each act on?

A
  1. Gravitational - Acts on mass
  2. Electric - Acts on charges
  3. Magnetic - Acts on moving charges
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17
Q

State Newton’s first law of motion

A

An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will continue in motion at constant speed in a straight line in the absence of a net force acting on it.

18
Q

State Newton’s second law of motion

A

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and takes place in the direction of the force.

19
Q

What affects inertia?

A

Mass

20
Q

What is a state of inertia

A

An object’s resistance to a change in the state of rest or motion of the body, when a force is applied

21
Q

State Newton’s third law of motion

A

When two bodies A and B interact, the force that A exerts on B is equal and opposite to the force that B exerts on A.

22
Q

2 rules for action-reaction pairs

A
  1. Must be the same kind of force (contact/gravitational/magnetic…)
  2. Must act on 2 different bodies
23
Q

Define static friction

A

The friction that exists between a stationary object and the surface on which it is resting

24
Q

Define dynamic friction

A

The friction between surfaces moving relative to each other

25
Q

What does Fmax depend on (2 factors)

A

The nature of the 2 surfaces in contact

The normal reaction between the 2 surfaces

26
Q

Define work

A

The force multiplied by displacement in the direction of the force

27
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

The energy an object possess by virtue of being in motion

28
Q

Define potential energy

A

The energy possessed by objects due to their position or condition

29
Q

Define gravitational potential energy

A

The amount of work done in order to raise the body to the height h from a reference level

30
Q

What is the Principle of Conservation of Energy? [3]

A
  1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed
  2. Can only be converted from one form to another
  3. Total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant
31
Q

Define mechanical energy

A

The sum of an object’s KE + PE

The energy due to an object’s position and motion

32
Q

Define efficiency

A

The ratio of the useful energy output to the energy input

33
Q

Define power

A

The rate of doing work

34
Q

Define linear momentum

A

The product of an object’s mass and velocity

35
Q

Define impulse

A

The change in momentum caused by a force

36
Q

What does the area under a force-time graph represent?

A

Impulse

37
Q

State the law of conservation of momentum

A

The total momentum of a closed system is constant, provided no external resultant force acts on it

38
Q

State the 3 kinds of collisions

A

Elastic
Perfectly inelastic
Inelastic

39
Q

State the characteristics of an elastic collision

A

Total KE & momentum conserved
When one body ‘A’ collides into a stationary one ‘B’, ‘A’ stops moving and ‘B’ starts moving
Think: Newton’s Cradle

40
Q

State the characteristics of a perfectly inelastic collition

A

Total momentum conserved but total KE not conserved

When the bodies collide, they become one

41
Q

State the characteristics of an inelastic collision

A

Total momentum conserved but total KE not conserved

42
Q

State the characteristics of an explosion

A

Total momentum remains constant after the explosion at 0

2 bodies travel in opposite directions to cancel out momentum

IB Physics HL (6 decks)

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