2. John Balliol and Edward I, 1292-1296

Question 1

REASONS FOR DIFFICULT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BALLIOL AND EDWARD

(10)

Answer 1

1. Before the Great Cause, Balliol and other heirs were forced to recognise Edward as their overlord - unequal.
2. When Balliol swore fealty he assumed it would be temporary like previous Scottish and English Kings - resentful about having to obey Edward.
3. Balliol forced to travel to England and take part in Boxing Day Homage Ceremony in Newcastle shortly after he was crowned King - humiliating and built hostility.
4. Balliol forced to sign a letter confirming Treaty of Birgham was null and void, taking away any guarantees of Scottish independence - Edward now real threat.
5. Edward had tried hard to make himself Scottish King, including writing to monasteries to find an English law that would allow this - desperate for controlling so would dislike Balliol.
6. Edward insisted that he himself would hear any complaints from Scottish nobles, humiliating Balliol and intefering more in Scottish affairs.
7. Multiple occasions where Scots were dissatisfied with unfavourable verdicts from Balliol and instead had their cases overturned by Edward - e.g. Burgess of Berwick’s case in 1292 - embarassing Balliol.
8. Edward warned Balliol that if Scotland was not governed properly then he would intervene - relationship tense.
9. Edward forced Balliol to accept English practise rather than Scotish customs - appointed chancellor Master Thomas of Hunsingore - bullying him and interfering.
10. Balliol complained Edward had no right to here MacDuff case at Westminster - Edward threatened to charge him with contempt of the court and remove Scottish castles.

Question 2

WAYS EDWARD UNDERMINED BALLIOL

(9)

Answer 2

1. Before the Great Cause, Balliol and other heirs were forced to recognise Edward as their overlord - unequal.
2. Edward often intervened with legal cases in Scotland, said he would hear any legal concerns from Scottish court members.
   3.Balliol forced to travel to England and take part in Boxing Day Homage Ceremony in Newcastle shortly after he was crowned King - humiliating and built hostility.
3. Balliol forced to sign a letter confirming Treaty of Birgham was null and void, taking away any guarantees of Scottish independence - Edward now real threat.
4. Multiple occasions where Scots were dissatisfied with unfavourable verdicts from Balliol and instead had their cases overturned by Edward - e.g. Burgess of Berwick’s case in 1292 - embarassing Balliol.
5. Edward warned Balliol that if Scotland was not governed properly then he would intervene - relationship tense.
6. Edward forced Balliol to accept English practise rather than Scotish customs - appointed chancellor Master Thomas of Hunsingore - bullying him and interfering.
7. Balliol complained Edward had no right to here MacDuff case at Westminster - Edward threatened to charge him with contempt of the court and remove Scottish castles.
8. Edward removed Stone of Destiny from Scone in 1296 and destroyed Great Seal - Scotland couldnt make laws or crwon new Kings.

Question 3

ANGLO-FRENCH WAR AND SCOTLAND’S RESPONSE

(7)

Answer 3

1. War took place becuase Edward had large amounts of land in France that he was not apying homage for, since he viewed them as English.
2. June 1294, formal summons sent to Balliol, 10 earls and 16 barons demanding they raise armies and help Edward fight France.
3. Balliol reportedly agreed to help, but neither he nor any of his barons showed up, making various excuses.
4. France was Scotland’s largest trading partner, so they did not want to upset this by fighting them.
5. In response to Scotland’s refusal to assemble, Edward began to invade Scotland in 1296, ending with Balliols’s surrender.
6. 1295, 12 Guardiasn appointed in Scotland to defy Edward - they sent envoys to the King of France asking for help.
7. Scots in Paris signed a treaty with the French against the English - Franco-Scottish Treaty, later the Auld Alliance.

Question 4

SUBJUGATION OF SCOTLAND 1296

(8)

Answer 4

1. April 1296, Stone of Destiny removed from historic place in Scone amd taken to England - Scots couldnt crown another King.
2. July 1296, Balliol forced to surrender at Stracathro - denounced his alliance with France, gave up his Kingdom and was stripped of his royal vestments.
3. Great Seal completely destroyed - Scots couldnt pass any of their own laws.
4. When travelling through Scotland, Edward made over 1500 people sign the ‘Ragman’s Roll’ meaning they fomrally swore allegiance to Edward.
5. Balliol and his son were captured after hi surrender and taken as prisoners to England - ensuring no more Scottish rebellions.
6. Edward established an exchequer at Berwick that followed the Westminster model instead of Scottish system.
7. March 1296, Berwick sacked by English forces, using fire and swords to kill people and very few in the town survived.
8. Important records relating to Scottish throne supposed to be removed to England, however ship carrying them sank.

Question 5

WAYS IN WHICH EDWARD ASSERTED HIS OVERLORDSHIP OVER BALLIOL

(7)

Answer 5

1.Edward removed Stone of Destiny from Scone in 1296 and destroyed Great Seal - Scotland couldnt make laws or crwon new Kings
2. Multiple occasions where Scots were dissatisfied with unfavourable verdicts from Balliol and instead had their cases overturned by Edward - e.g. Burgess of Berwick’s case in 1292
3. Balliol forced to travel to England and take part in Boxing Day Homage Ceremony in Newcastle shortly after he was crowned King - humiliating and built hostility.
4. Edward warned Balliol that if Scotland was not governed properly then he would intervene - relationship tense.
5. Balliol forced to sign a letter confirming Treaty of Birgham was null and void, taking away any guarantees of Scottish independence - Edward now real threat.
6. Edward forced Balliol to accept English practise rather than Scotish customs - appointed chancellor Master Thomas of Hunsingore - bullying him and interfering.
7. June 1294, formal summons sent to Balliol, 10 earls and 16 barons demanding they raise armies and help Edward fight France.