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CVS Revision > 2 - Introduction to Cardiovascular Imaging > Flashcards

2 - Introduction to Cardiovascular Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What different methods of cardiac imaging are most commonly used?

A
  • X-rays
  • Ultrasound
  • Nuclear (PET scans)
  • Cardiac MRI
  • Cardiac CT
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2
Q
  • MRI is best used for imaging …….. ………..

- CT is best for imaging ……..

A

MRI - soft tissues

CT - bone (and solid structures)

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3
Q

To image the major blood vessels of the body a specialised MRI can be used called …

A

Contrast-enhanced angiography

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4
Q

Where is a group of vessels called the Circle of Willis found?

A

At the base of the brain

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5
Q

What are the three layers of a blood vessel? Which layer differs between arteries and veins?

A
  • Tunica interna - endothelium
  • Tunica media - smooth muscles and elastic fibres
  • Tunica externa - connective tissue

Tunica media is thicker in arteries

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6
Q

How is venous return aided in the deep veins?

A

Deep veins in the periphery (e.g. lower limbs) run through muscles, the rhythmic contractions help to push blood back up to the heart

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7
Q

What are the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the aorta?

A

Systolic: 110 - 130
Diastolic: 70 - 80

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8
Q

What are the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the pulmonary artery?

A

Systolic: 15 - 25
Diastolic: 8 - 15

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9
Q

What are the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the right ventricle?

A

Systolic: 15 - 25
Diastolic: 0 - 8

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10
Q

What are the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the left ventricle?

A

Systolic: 110 - 130
Diastolic: 4 - 12

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11
Q

The endothelium of blood vessels can produce nitric oxide (NO), what is it’s function?

A

Vasodilation

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12
Q

During ventricular ejection the aortic pressure increases from ……. mmHg to ……. mmHg

A

~ 80 mmHg to 120 mmHg

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13
Q

During ventricular ejection, when the pressure begins to drop the ……… valve closes.

On a curve of aortic pressure over time what feature represents this?

A

Aortic

Dicrotic notch

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14
Q

What are the first branches of the aorta as it leaves the heart?

A

The right and left coronary arteries (immediately superior to the aortic valve)

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15
Q

How does the aorta help to convert the pulsatile flow from the heart to a constant flow of blood?

A

Aorta has some elastic properties (compliance), the stretch helps to overcome the pressure changes

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16
Q

The arch of the aorta forms three main branches, what are they (starting with closest to the heart)?

A
  1. Brachiocephalic artery
  2. Left common carotid artery
  3. Left subclavian artery
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17
Q

The first main branch of the aortic arch, the brachiocephalic artery, splits almost immediately into what two branches?

A
  • Right subclavian artery

- Right common carotid artery

18
Q

What is the average cardiac output under resting conditions?

A

4 - 6 litres/min

19
Q

What is the average heart rate under resting conditions?

A

60 - 90 beats per minute

20
Q

What is the average stroke volume under resting conditions?

A

55 - 83 ml per beat

21
Q

In exercise what can cardiac output rise to?

A

20 - 35 litres/min

22
Q

In exercise what can heart rate rise to?

A

150 - 200 bpm

23
Q

In exercise what can stroke volume rise to?

A

200 ml per beat

24
Q

Where are the pectinate muscles found?

A

In the auricles and right atrial wall

25
Q

Where are the trabeculae carnae found?

A

Inside of the ventricle walls

26
Q

What are the likely explanations for the pericardium showing up as white on a CT scan?

A
  • Fibrosis (scar tissue)

- Inflammation

27
Q

Three different axis of images can be taken through the heart, which show different orientations of the chambers. What are the three views and what do they show?

A
  • 2 chamber (LA & LV or RA & RV)
  • 3 chamber (RA, LA, LV)
  • 4 chamber (RA, RV, LA & LV)
28
Q

In cardiac contraction the …….. of the heart is pulled towards the ……..

A

Base, apex

29
Q

What is the most common cause of fibrosis (scar tissue formation) of the cardiac muscle?

A

Coronary artery disease

30
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid valve

Mitral valve

31
Q

What are the two semilunar valves?

A

Aortic valve

Pulmonary valve

32
Q

Which valve is always closest to the anterior of the heart?

A

Pulmonary valve

33
Q

What is aortic stenosis?

What is bicuspid aortic stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the aortic valve orifice

2 of the leaflets fuse so the aortic valve only has 2 leaflets instead of 3. Open like a letterbox - reduced opening

34
Q

What is the name for a heart ultrasound?

This can be taken using a probe in the oesophagus, what is this technique called?

A

Echocardiogram

Transoesophageal echocardiography

35
Q

What occurs in mitral valve regurgitation?

A

Blood from the left ventricle flows back through the mitral valve into the left atrium, instead of into the aorta

36
Q

What is RCA dominance?

A
  • In 85% of people the right coronary artery (RCA) is dominant as it supplies the inferior aspect of the heart up to the IV septum.
37
Q

Which parts of the heart are supplied by the right coronary artery?

A
  • Right atrium
  • Most of the right ventricle
  • Inferior surface of left ventricle
  • Posterior portion of IV septum
  • SAN
  • AVN
38
Q

Which parts of the heart are supplied by the anterior interventricular (left anterior descending) artery?

A
  • Anterior portion of IV septum

- Parts of right and left ventricles

39
Q

Which parts of the heart are supplied by the circumflex artery?

A
  • Left atrium

- Parts of the left ventricle

40
Q

Which cardiac vein follows the same path as the anterior interventricular (left anterior descending) artery?

A

Great cardiac vein

CVS Revision (8 decks)

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