2 Healthy Behaviours Flashcards
The common risk factors leading to CVD and T2D
are unhealthy
lifestyle behaviours (e.g. a poor diet, physical inactivity, smoking
or excessive alcohol intake), obesity and poor mental health.
Lifestyle behaviour modification for CVD and T2D includes
regular physical activity and a diet high in vegetables and some
fruit and low in processed and sugar-laden foods.
Prevention and treatment strategies for CVD and T2D include
adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviours such as a balanced diet,
adequate exercise and weight control, as well as medication and
surgery in some circumstances.
Carbohydrate metabolism is important in the development of T2D,
which occurs when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin
and thus regulate blood glucose levels.
What symptoms often co-occur with CVD and T2D, which
has implications for treatment and recovery.
Depressive
a cognitive and an emotional
coping resource.
Mindfulness
a stress resistance variable defined as a predisposition
to cope effectively when exposed to a stressor,
coping competence,
what behaviour has demonstrated to possess anxiolytic
and antidepressant properties, in addition to improvements in self-concept, perceived coping
ability
Exercise
The presence of depression in those
with T2D is associated with lower rates of
self-management, which leads
to higher levels of symptomology
depression in CVD is linked to
poor
physical, social and emotional health.
Ture or False: depression is related to cardiac disease severity
False
Van Melle et al. (2004) completed a meta-analysis of 22 prospective studies of depression and prognostic outcome hospitalised AMI patients from North America, Europe and Japan. Of note, in most of these studies depression was not related to cardiac disease
severity
Depression within the first 6
months following an AMI there is increased risk of mortality and
Depression
it has been argued that depression, particularly in
cardiac populations, should be viewed along a
continuum/spectrum rather
than as a discrete/categorical entity
major depressiondisorder (MDD) includes symptoms
lasting at least 2 weeks and present on
most days, and symptoms causing significant distress.
name 2 symtoms present more days than not, over a 2-year period to diagnose mild depression (persistent depressive disorder)
weight changes,
sleep changes,
psychomotor agitation or retardation,
fatigue,
feelings of worthlessness or guilt,
lack of concentration and
reduced decision-making ability, and suicidal ideation.
Since 1989, Australians have reduced their smoking by
about 40%
name 2 behaviours that can assist in maintaining good
mental health, reducing and managing stress and getting adequate sleep are
all beneficial to overall health and longevity
Avoiding sedentary behaviour,
increasing regular physical activity,
engaging in moderate to strenuous exercise a few times per week,
eating a diet high in vegetables and fruit and low in processed and sweetened
foods,
avoiding excessive alcohol intake,
not smoking,
T2D need to regularly
have their eyes and feet checked for
damage to capillaries in these areas
BGLs should be maintained
between — to —- mmol/L (fasting) to prevent short-term and long-term
complications (Diabetes Australia, 2015a
)
4 to 6 mmol/L (fasting)
The best treatment for T2D is
permanent changes to lifestyle behaviours
How many Ay=ustralian are undiagnosed with T2D
500000 Australians are undiagnosed (Diabetes Australia, 2015a).
a condition in which skeletal muscle cells no longer
respond to the normal action of insulin;
Insulin resistance
Insulin resistance is a condition in which skeletal muscle cells no longer
respond to the normal action of insulin; causes:
hyperglycaemia
In an
effort to control BGLs, the —– produces a —– called insulin, which results
in
pancreas
high blood insulin levels
Insulin normally regulates
BGLs, preventing levels from getting too high known as ——–
hyperglycaemia
Insulin normally regulates
BGLs, preventing levels from getting too
low known as
hypoglycaemia
When the brain
registers an increase in blood glucose levels (BGLs, as well as amino
acids), it sends chemical messages to cells in the pancreas, Islets of
Langerhans, to release the:
hormone, insulin
What is the fastest growing chronic illness worldwide
T2D
Protective lifestyle
factors for CVD included
consuming fruits, consuming vegetables, moderate
alcohol intake three or more times per week and engaging in moderate or
strenuous exercise for 4 or more hours per week
The main behavioural risk factors that contribute to
CVD are
smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and excessive
alcohol intake. The main medical risk factors are hypertension, overweight
and obesity, T2D and poor mental health
The blood supply and oxygen to that section of the heart stop
and there is
tissue damage and tissue death (‘infarct’).
The symptoms of an
AMI vary especially from females to males. Common symptoms include:
chest pain or discomfort; heaviness, tightness, pain or pressure in the upper
body such as chest, neck, jaw, arms, shoulders or back; shortness of
breath; light-headedness or dizziness; prolonged and unexplained fatigue;
nausea or vomiting; or a cold sweat.
An AMI occurs when there is a
complete blockage of a coronary artery, usually due to a thrombotic
atheroma.
factors are all thought to cause
damage and inflammation to arterial walls
Smoking, hypertension and dietary
——, an inflammatory disease, is the leading cause of
CVD
Atherosclerosis
—– is a term that refers to all diseases and
conditions that can affect the heart and the blood vessels.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
——, a disease
of the heart muscle, is when the heart cannot adequately supply blood
throughout the body.
Cardiomyopathy
——- (‘hardening of the
arteries’) is a disease in which a plaque or atheroma forms on the tunica
intima.
Atherosclerosis
Healthy blood pressure is
about
120/80 mmHg.
CVD remains the
leading cause of death in Australia
Behaviour change can be achieved through action at a number of levels through
societal change (e.g. policy and mass media),
environmental manipulation (e.g. availability of green spaces and fresh
produce),
n Australia, —– is the leading cause of burden of
disease
).
Cancer
followed by cardiovascular disease. Together they account for
over half of the years of life lost due to premature death (AIHW, 2015a
romoting health behaviour in order to reduce risk or prevent disease is
called
primary prevention.
If healthy behaviour reduces risk for chronic disease, improves
quality of life and reduces the financial burden associated with disease and
illness, the case is clear for making healthy lifestyle changes. The big
question is then,
why don’t people adopt healthy behaviours?
the 4 levels of the ecological model that is used to model/understand the broad levels of influence
on health behaviour
Societal
Environmental
Social
Behavioural
—– can be used to nudge people towards healthy choices. For example,
placing fruit in a ——-
biases
highly visible location
( The placement of chocolate bars and magazines at eye level next to the checkout in supermarkets is not accidental.)
—– ——- reflect those norms of close family and friends
Proximal norms
—— ——- are
those associated with broader peer groups or the media
distal norms
An —–shaped curve of the adoption of an idea or
practice over time has been observed, such that initial adoption is slow,
followed by a steep increase in uptake before the rate of adoption levels
off
S
sitting in front of the television
makes us crave chocolate. This demonstrates a —– —— between
sitting in front of the television and chocolate
learnt association
reduction or removal of television watching that elicits a ——- ——-,
chocolate craving, and prompts undesirable behaviours : eating
chocolate.
conditioned response
in order to reduce the frequency of conditioned responses and /or the introduction or amplification of stimuli that prompt desirable behaviours is known as
stimulus control interventions
(classical conditioning related)
likelihood that a behaviour will recur is
dependent on the consequences
Operant conditioning
Referred to as —–
, explains behaviours with positive consequences
are likely to recur, whereas those with negative consequences are not
reinforcement
it may be difficult to maintain change if you
If you change a behaviour
that was serving a purpose without addressing the need served by the behaviour
where it is of interest to examine how long someone can make it without a cigarette, and working on extending that time would adopt an
interval approach
that aims to extend the time or has set intervals instead of when the person feels like t
if the data is trending post intervention as it did prior, it can artificially look like the intervention has
made a difference, what does and actual difference look like
we are looking for is a
change in level, variability or rate following intervention.
while we may not be able to achieve the absolute desired behaviour in a single step, we have achieved or are working towards
Gradual Reduction. any change
towards the desired behaviour is positive and is supported
Behaviour change promoting a healthy
lifestyle can be used to:
prevent disease and illness,
extend life expectancy,
improve quality of life and
reduce the social and financial burden of disease.
Behaviour change at a —— level involves changing
policy or the dissemination of health-related messages through
mass media campaigns.
societal level
