2: Genes and Genomes Flashcards
Smallest structural units of living
matter and compose of all living
thing
CELL
All cells have a genetic information
in the form of _
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
Cells may either be _
prokaryotic or
eukaryotic
Do not have nucleus
PROKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL includes
eubacteria, cyanobacteria and members of
Domain Archaea
PROKARYOTIC CELL
cytoplasm contains DNA, usually in the
form of a single circular molecule located in _
nucleoid region
PROKARYOTIC CELL
_, which is surrounded by
a rigid cell wall that protects the cell
plasma membrane
PROKARYOTIC CELL size
100 nm–10 μm
true nucleus
EUKARYOTIC CELL
EUKARYOTIC CELL includes
plants, animals, fungi, and
single-celled organisms called
protists which include most
algae
EUKARYOTIC CELL
DNA enclosed in a _
membrane-bound
EUKARYOTIC CEL size
Cytoplasm 10–100 μm
Plasma
membrane
Cell’s
fortification
Separates the interior
of the cell from the
outside
environment
Plasma
membrane
acts in the transport
of substances
Plasma
membrane
externally facing
proteins act as
receptors and cell
recognition
Plasma
membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell’s
environment
Fluid part enclosed by
the membrane, contains
organelles
Cytoplasm
Cellular region between
the nuclear and plasma
membranes
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Cell’s
powerplant
Produce energy for the cell,
break down carbohydrates
and some Durations lipids to
form molecule ATP
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Cell’s
factories
Translate RNA into proteins
(protein synthesis)
Ribosome
Lysosome
Cell’s
stomach
Vesicles filled with digestive
proteins, can absorb
something and break it
down into recyclable pieces
Lysosome
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cell’s pipe
system
lipid synthesis
smooth
ER
protein
manufacturing
ribosomes
(rough ER)
Golgi
apparatus
Cell’s
delivery
center
It tags vesicles and
proteins to help them get
carried to their correct
destinations
Golgi
apparatus
Centrosome
Cell’s
anchor
Organizes and produces
the microtubules
of the cell’s cytoskeleton
Centrosome
Peroxisome
Cell’s firemen
Vesicles that defend (or
neutralize) the cell from
free radicals
Peroxisome
Cytoskeleton
Cell’s
shapeshifter
It modifies the cell’s
shape and ensures
mechanical resistance
to deformation
Cytoskeleton
Vacuole
Cell‘s
compartments
Enclosed storage vessels
which are filled with
water containing
inorganic and organic
molecules
Vacuole
Large membrane-enclosed
compartment.
Used to store ions, waste products,
pigments, protective compounds
Central
vacuole
Membrane-enclosed organelle
containing stacked structures of chlorophyll-containing
membrane sacs called thylakoids
surrounded by an inner fluid
Chloroplasts
stacked structures of Chloroplasts
grana
chlorophyll-containing membrane sacs
thylakoids
inner fluid of Chloroplasts
stroma
Granular, thread-like material
composed of DNA and histone
proteins.DNA contains genes
chromatin
Nucleus
Cell’s brain
Contains most of the genetic material,
in the form of DNA
Nucleus
Double-membrane structure;
separates nucleoplasm & cytoplasm.
regulates the passage of substances
to and from the nucleus
Nuclear
envelope
Dense spherical (non-membrane-bound) ;composed of ribosomal RNA
and protein
Nucleoli
calvin cycle occurs in
stroma
photosynthesis occurs in
thylakoid
glycolysis occurs in
cytoplasm
Tri Carboxylic Acid cycle occurs in
mitochondrial matrix
Electron transport chain occurs in
inner mitochondrial membrane
Chargaff’s Rule
In a DNA molecule,
there is an equal number between the bases (A) (T), and between
the bases (G) (C)
building block of DNA
nucleotide
nucleotide components
pentose sugar
phosphate molecule
nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
deoxyribose
purines
adenine &
guanine
pyrimidines
thymine & cytosine
Two strands of nucleotides are
joined together by _
between the bases;
hydrogen bonds
The two strands wrap around
each other so that the overall
structure of DNA is a double-stranded helix with a sugar _, in which the
bases are aligned in the center of
the helix.
phosphate “backbone,”
refers to the carbons of the
deoxyribose sugar; nucleotides have 5’ and
3’ ends; important during the replication of
DNA and routine manipulation of DNA in the
laboratory
polarity
the phosphate at carbon 5 is not
bonded to another nucleotide, but carbon 3 is
involved in a phosphodiester bond
5’ end
the phosphate at carbon 5 is bonded
to another nucleotide, but carbon 3 is not
joined to another nucleotide
3’ end
the polarity of each strand is
reversed relative to each other
antiparallel
major steps of DNA replication
- the opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands,
- the priming of the template strand,
- the assembly of the new DNA segment
carries the code for the synthesis of proteins;
mRNA (messenger RNA)
acts as “messenger
approx. 75 to 90 nucleotides; adaptor molecules
that translate genetic information into protein sequence by delivering
amino acids to the protein synthesis machinery during translation
tRNA (transfer RNA)
short single strand molecules of around 1,500 to
4,700 nucleotides; part of a ribosome; responsible for reading the order
of amino acids and linking amino acids together
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
any change in the nucleotide sequence as a result of a failure of the system to revert the change
mutation
causes of mutations
faulty deletions, insertions, or
exchanges of nucleotides in
the genetic material.
mutagens
ultraviolet or
ionizing radiation, certain
chemicals, and viruses
mutations occur in
reproductive cells (sperm or
eggs) and are passed to an
organism’s offspring during
sexual reproduction
Germ-line mutations
mutations occur in
non-reproductive cells; they
are passed to daughter cells
during mitosis but not to
offspring during sexual
reproduction
Somatic mutations
3 classes of mutations
point mutation
chromosomal mutation
copy number variation
3 types of point mutation
substitution
insertion
deletion
4 types of chromosomal mutation
inversion
deletion
duplication
translocation
2 types of copy number variation mutation
gene amplification
expanding trinucleotide repeat
One base is incorrectly added during
replication and replaces the pair in the
corresponding position on
the complementary strand
Substitution
One or more extra nucleotides are inserted
into replicating DNA, often resulting in a
frameshift
Insertion
One or more nucleotides is “skipped” during
replication or otherwise excised, often
resulting in a frameshift
Deletion
One region of a chromosome is
flipped and reinserted
Inversion
A region of a chromosome is lost,
resulting in the absence of all the
genes in that area
deletion
A region of a chromosome is
repeated, resulting in an increase in
dosage from the genes in that region
duplication
A region from one chromosome is
aberrantly attached to another
chromosome
translocation
The number of tandem copies of
a locus is increased
Gene
amplification
The normal number of repeated
trinucleotide sequences is expanded
Expanding
trinucleotide
repeat
Substitution mutation linked to what human disease
sickle-cell anemia
insertion mutation linked to what human disease
one form of beta-thalessemia
deletion point mutation linked to what human disease
cystic fibrosis
inversion mutation linked to what human disease
Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome
deletion chromosomal mutation linked to what human disease
Cri du chat syndrome
deletion of chromosome 5
duplication mutation linked to what human disease
some cancers
translocation mutation linked to what human disease
one form of leukemia
gene amplification mutation linked to what human disease
some breast cancers
expanding trinucleotide repeat mutation linked to what human disease
Fragile X syndrom
Huntington’s disease
