2. GENERAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Flashcards
Definition: Art & science of promoting health, preventing diseases & increasing span of healthy life through organized efforts of society
Public health
Definition: Science & art of application of prevention at population, community and individual levels, with efforts being carried by clinicians, individuals and families.
Preventive medicine
Definition: science concerned with diagnosing illness, treating disease, promoting health and relieving pain in an INDIVIDUAL patient.
Clinical medicine
Definition: study of the distribution, dynamics & determinants of health related states and events in a defined population & application of this study to control health problems
Epidemiology
Definition: state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease
Health
Definition: entry & multiplication of an infectious agent withing the body not necessarily causing an illness.
Infection
Definition: constant presence of a disease within a given area of population group
Endemic
Definition: occurrence of disease in a community in EXCESS number of cases more than expected to this specified location & during a specified period of time.
Epidemic
Definition: an epidemic occurring in a small confined area
outbreak
Definition: an epidemic affecting more than one country
pandemic
Definition: an infectious disease transmitted from animal to man
Zoonoses
Definition: the course of a disease overtime unaffected by treatment
Natural history of a disease
The 3 factors studied in epidemiology
1-Distribution
2- Dynamic
3-Determinants
the occurrence of one case of a completely & globally eradicated disease should indicate _____
beginning of an epidemic
T/F: an epidemic can follow an endemic status
True
T/F: the word epidemic is only used to refer to communicable diseases
False
(used for non-communicable diseases as well)
Identifying risk factors, syndrome identification & describing natural history and trends of diseases , testing vaccine effectiveness are ALL uses of_____?
Epidemiology
epidemiologic triad:
Agent
Host
Environment
age, sex, ethnic group, race, blood group are ALL examples of
risk attributes
occupation, education, marital status, diet habits etc are ALL examples of
social traits
non modifiable host factors
risk attributes
modifiable host factors
social traits
environmental factors of communicable diseases include (3)
1-Physical environment
2- Biological environment (vector of disease)
3-Socio-cultural environment
T/F: a disease is caused by more than one causal mechanism with each cause being SUFFICIENT to produce the disease
True
stages of natural history of a disease (5)
1- Stage of positive health
2- stage of susceptibility
2.1-stage of pre-pathogenesis &
subclinical
3-stage of manifest disease
4-stage of disability
5-stage of death
level of prevention during stage of positive health is
PRIMARY prevention
level of prevention during stage of susceptibility is
PRIMARY prevention
level of prevention during stage of pre-pathogenesis is
SECONDARY prevention
level of prevention during stage of manifest disease is
SECONDARY prevention
level of prevention during stage of disability is
TERTIARY prevention
role of community medicine in stage of positive health is through________(3)
1-Health promotion
2-Counseling
3-Care of special groups
role of community medicine in stage of susceptibility is through________(3)
1-Risk assessment
2-Preventive measures
3- Susceptibility detection
role of community medicine in stage of pre-pathogenesis & subclinical is through________(3)
1-Obeservation
2-Surveillance
3-Screening
role of community medicine in stage of manifest disease is through________(3)
1-Control
2-Epidemiology
3-Registry & disease burden
role of community medicine in stage of disability is through________(3)
1-Disability evaluation
2-Assessment of burden
3-Rehabilitation
role of community medicine in stage of death is through________(3)
1-Registry
2-Mortality rates
3- Economic impact
Definition: actions taken PRIOR to onset of disease which remove possibility that a disease will occur
Primary prevention
Definition: actions taken at early stages of disease that prevent its progress and prevent complications
Secondary prevention
Definition: measures available to reduce/limit impairements and disabilities
Tertiary prevention
Definition: an umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations & participation restrictions
Disability
Full form of ICF
International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health
what are the 3 areas of functioning that a disabled person encounters difficulties in?
1-Health conditions & impairments
2-Personal factors (motivation, self-esteem)
3-Environmental factors (inaccessibility)
Main components of primary prevention (2)
1-health promotion (education, environmental modification, nutritional intervention)
2-specific protection measures (immunization, avoid RF etc.)
specific interventions of secondary prevention are (2)
1-Early diagnosis (screening)
2-Adequate treatment (mass/individual)
