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2: Fundamental Components Flashcards

1
Q

Explain photons:

A

Waves of energy that perform like particles.

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2
Q

Can polarizing light sources prevent diffusion?

A

No but they can reduce some elements that contribute to glare.

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3
Q

Describe the main principle of Inverse Square Law.. (related to visual)

A

Intensity of the light decreases as the distance from source increases.

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4
Q

Our eyes cannot perceive all colours between this range equally…

A

400 nm to 700 nm (nanometers)

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5
Q

Tone/Hue:

A

Length of wavelength.

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6
Q

Saturation:

A

Purity/mix of colours.

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7
Q

Brightness:

A

Intensity or “pops”

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8
Q

Reflection:

A

Light bouncing off the surface.

As reflection increases, absorption decreases.

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9
Q

How can you reduce glare?

A

Polarizing lenses or filters.

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10
Q

Light intensity is critical to create what?

A

Contrast

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11
Q

When considering lighting for an inspection, which 2 laws should you consider?

A

Inverse Square Law and Lambert’s Cosine Law.

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12
Q

What are the fundamental particles of light?

A

Photons

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13
Q

Our brain perceives the colour black when…

A

No electromagnetic waves in the visible portion of the spectrum can reach our eyes

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14
Q

Contrast:

A

Difference in the colour/brightness of objects within our field of view

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15
Q

One of the first principles of a good visual inspection is creating conditions that maximize what?

A

Contrast

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16
Q

What happens when aluminum cracks?

A

Can create dark coloured oxide particles that stand out against the shiny aluminum

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17
Q

Any major change in the lighting system, such as addition of filters, typically require a repeat of what step?

A

Measuring the light intensity

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18
Q

When you double the distance from the source, you decrease the intensity by what?

A

1/4 the original

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19
Q

The formula used for Inverse Square Law is:
S.I. = I/D squared

What do each elements of the formula mean?

A 
S.I. = surface intensity 
I = original light intensity
D = proportional increase in distance (new distance divided by original distance)
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20
Q

Light intensity is ultimately a function of what?

A

Density - the more light photons that strike a surface in a given area, the more intense the light

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21
Q

Lambert’s Cosine Law is similar to the Inverse Square Law BUT it also compensated for what?

A

Photons of light that strike the surface at an angle

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22
Q

The eye filters, focuses and converts light into…

A

Electrical impulses that the brain interprets

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23
Q

The cornea refracts light onto the lens, the lens refracts light onto the retina.. this double refraction causes images to appear:

A

Reversed and upside down on the retina, then turned right side up by the brain

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24
Q

Which part of the brain corrects the images that are projected onto the retina?

A

Occipital lobe

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25
What is the shape of the eye for someone who is nearsighted?
Longer from front to back (makes projected images not quite reach the focal point)
26
What is the shape of the eye for people who are far sighted?
Length of the eye is too short (making the images project PAST the focal point)
27
What is scotopic vision?
When eyes become full dark adapted (can take up to 30 minutes)
28
What happens to the lens of the eye as we age?
Yellows - which changes the frequencies of light that we can see
29
What is the aqueous humur?
Sac of fluid between IRIS/LENS and the CORNEA Helps to maintain shape of eye.
30
What is the vitreous humor?
Sac of fluid between the LENS and the RETINA. Helps to maintain shape of the eye.
31
The shape or “roundness” of the eye is vital to...
Vision acuity
32
Describe the retina:
The screen on which the light is projected after it passes through the cornea, iris and lens.
33
What is the retina covered with that help covert light to electrical impulses, which the brain then interprets as an image?
Photoreceptor cells
34
2 types of photoreceptor cells:
Rods and cones
35
Describe rods and cones:
Both detect light. Rods: detect presence of light Cones: determine colour Rods: mostly contained in retina Cones: mostly contained in macula and fovea (small area back of retina)
36
Our peripheral vision is very sensitive to _________, but can’t _________
Sensitive to light and movement but can’t determine much detail
37
Our central vision is where what can be picked out?
Tightly packed CONE cells pick out detail which is mostly based on colour variations
38
Damage to rod cells could lead to what?
Night blindness, tunnel vision or both.
39
There are 3 types of cone cells, each detecting a colour range. What are they?
S: short wavelengths (blue/violet range) M: medium wavelengths (green range) L: long wavelengths (red range)
40
What happens in the eye when one has colour blindness?
Decrease/absence of one or more types of cone cells
41
Macula:
Area of the retina responsible for CENTRAL vision. Contains both rod and cone cells.
42
Fovea:
Central part of the macula, high concentration of cone cells.
43
ASME (American Society for Mechanical Engineering) is which code?
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
44
What are cataracts?
Clouding of the lens
45
What is macular degeneration?
Deposits/extra blood vessels occurring under the retina/macula
46
What is glaucoma?
Loss of ability to regulate aqueous humor pressure, also related to the optic nerve
47
What is colour blindness?
Cone cells dysfunction
48
What is refractive errors and astigmatism?
Misshapen cornea, lens or sclera distorts vision
49
What is retinal detachment?
The retina becomes detached from underlying eye tissue
50
What is hyper-tensive retinopathy?
Retina damage caused by hypertension (high blood pressure)
51
Describe an acuity test.
Identify progressively smaller images, usually letters, at a specified distance
52
Where is the minimum eyesight requirements for inspectors located?
Can/CGSB 48.9712 certification International standard: ISO 48.9712 standard
53
NRCan introduced a distance vision requirement for the visual testing certification that states...
20/30 or better in at least one eye, corrected or uncorrected
54
What is a Jaeger Vision test?
Identifying letters of a specified height (font size) at a given distance (usually holding a card at an arms length)
55
What is a Snellen Vision test?
An acuity test. 20/20 means that a subject can see 20 feet at what most people can see 20 feet. So, 20/30 means that subject can see 20 feet at what most people can see at 30 feet. Therefor, best outcome would be with a smaller number: 20/10, subject can see 20 feet at what most people can see at 10 feet.
56
After how many hours of wakefulness, are we functioning as if we have a 0.05% blood alcohol level?
17 hours
57
How many hours of wakefulness are we performing as though our blood alcohol level is at 0.1%?
24 hours
58
What are the 2 types of stress? Describe them.
Acute: demands placed on the body because of certain issues. ex. Time restraints for finishing a job. Chronic: long term demands placed on the body by both negative and positive major life events. ex. Divorce or winning the lottery.
59
What is a norm?
Unwritten rules or behaviours, dictated and followed by the majority of the group.
60
What is the most sensitive area of our vision?
Fovea
61
When we’re actively looking for defects and discontinuities, what type of vision are we using?
Central vision - the area defining by the macula
62
The phenomena from the heat of surrounding air expanding and distorting items is called...
Roiling
63
Sensitivity of the naked eye can see about to how many millimeters?
0.08 mm
64
What do wavelengths describe?
Colour of light
65
Visual light measurements are made in what units?
Foot candles or lux. Most standards identify 1000 Lux as minimum
66
What is lux a unit of?
Intensity
67
What is used in pre-attentive focus?
Retina and all of receptor cells

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