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Visual > 2: Fundamental Components > Flashcards

2: Fundamental Components Flashcards

1
Q

Explain photons:

A

Waves of energy that perform like particles.

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2
Q

Can polarizing light sources prevent diffusion?

A

No but they can reduce some elements that contribute to glare.

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3
Q

Describe the main principle of Inverse Square Law.. (related to visual)

A

Intensity of the light decreases as the distance from source increases.

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4
Q

Our eyes cannot perceive all colours between this range equally…

A

400 nm to 700 nm (nanometers)

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5
Q

Tone/Hue:

A

Length of wavelength.

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6
Q

Saturation:

A

Purity/mix of colours.

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7
Q

Brightness:

A

Intensity or “pops”

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8
Q

Reflection:

A

Light bouncing off the surface.

As reflection increases, absorption decreases.

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9
Q

How can you reduce glare?

A

Polarizing lenses or filters.

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10
Q

Light intensity is critical to create what?

A

Contrast

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11
Q

When considering lighting for an inspection, which 2 laws should you consider?

A

Inverse Square Law and Lambert’s Cosine Law.

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12
Q

What are the fundamental particles of light?

A

Photons

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13
Q

Our brain perceives the colour black when…

A

No electromagnetic waves in the visible portion of the spectrum can reach our eyes

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14
Q

Contrast:

A

Difference in the colour/brightness of objects within our field of view

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15
Q

One of the first principles of a good visual inspection is creating conditions that maximize what?

A

Contrast

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16
Q

What happens when aluminum cracks?

A

Can create dark coloured oxide particles that stand out against the shiny aluminum

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17
Q

Any major change in the lighting system, such as addition of filters, typically require a repeat of what step?

A

Measuring the light intensity

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18
Q

When you double the distance from the source, you decrease the intensity by what?

A

1/4 the original

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19
Q

The formula used for Inverse Square Law is:
S.I. = I/D squared

What do each elements of the formula mean?

A 
S.I. = surface intensity 
I = original light intensity
D = proportional increase in distance (new distance divided by original distance)
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20
Q

Light intensity is ultimately a function of what?

A

Density - the more light photons that strike a surface in a given area, the more intense the light

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21
Q

Lambert’s Cosine Law is similar to the Inverse Square Law BUT it also compensated for what?

A

Photons of light that strike the surface at an angle

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22
Q

The eye filters, focuses and converts light into…

A

Electrical impulses that the brain interprets

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23
Q

The cornea refracts light onto the lens, the lens refracts light onto the retina.. this double refraction causes images to appear:

A

Reversed and upside down on the retina, then turned right side up by the brain

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24
Q

Which part of the brain corrects the images that are projected onto the retina?

A

Occipital lobe

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25
Q

What is the shape of the eye for someone who is nearsighted?

A

Longer from front to back (makes projected images not quite reach the focal point)

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26
Q

What is the shape of the eye for people who are far sighted?

A

Length of the eye is too short (making the images project PAST the focal point)

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27
Q

What is scotopic vision?

A

When eyes become full dark adapted (can take up to 30 minutes)

28
Q

What happens to the lens of the eye as we age?

A

Yellows - which changes the frequencies of light that we can see

29
Q

What is the aqueous humur?

A

Sac of fluid between IRIS/LENS and the CORNEA

Helps to maintain shape of eye.

30
Q

What is the vitreous humor?

A

Sac of fluid between the LENS and the RETINA.

Helps to maintain shape of the eye.

31
Q

The shape or “roundness” of the eye is vital to…

A

Vision acuity

32
Q

Describe the retina:

A

The screen on which the light is projected after it passes through the cornea, iris and lens.

33
Q

What is the retina covered with that help covert light to electrical impulses, which the brain then interprets as an image?

A

Photoreceptor cells

34
Q

2 types of photoreceptor cells:

A

Rods and cones

35
Q

Describe rods and cones:

A

Both detect light.

Rods: detect presence of light
Cones: determine colour

Rods: mostly contained in retina
Cones: mostly contained in macula and fovea (small area back of retina)

36
Q

Our peripheral vision is very sensitive to _________, but can’t _________

A

Sensitive to light and movement but can’t determine much detail

37
Q

Our central vision is where what can be picked out?

A

Tightly packed CONE cells pick out detail which is mostly based on colour variations

38
Q

Damage to rod cells could lead to what?

A

Night blindness, tunnel vision or both.

39
Q

There are 3 types of cone cells, each detecting a colour range. What are they?

A

S: short wavelengths (blue/violet range)
M: medium wavelengths (green range)
L: long wavelengths (red range)

40
Q

What happens in the eye when one has colour blindness?

A

Decrease/absence of one or more types of cone cells

41
Q

Macula:

A

Area of the retina responsible for CENTRAL vision. Contains both rod and cone cells.

42
Q

Fovea:

A

Central part of the macula, high concentration of cone cells.

43
Q

ASME (American Society for Mechanical Engineering) is which code?

A

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

44
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Clouding of the lens

45
Q

What is macular degeneration?

A

Deposits/extra blood vessels occurring under the retina/macula

46
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Loss of ability to regulate aqueous humor pressure, also related to the optic nerve

47
Q

What is colour blindness?

A

Cone cells dysfunction

48
Q

What is refractive errors and astigmatism?

A

Misshapen cornea, lens or sclera distorts vision

49
Q

What is retinal detachment?

A

The retina becomes detached from underlying eye tissue

50
Q

What is hyper-tensive retinopathy?

A

Retina damage caused by hypertension (high blood pressure)

51
Q

Describe an acuity test.

A

Identify progressively smaller images, usually letters, at a specified distance

52
Q

Where is the minimum eyesight requirements for inspectors located?

A

Can/CGSB 48.9712 certification

International standard: ISO 48.9712 standard

53
Q

NRCan introduced a distance vision requirement for the visual testing certification that states…

A

20/30 or better in at least one eye, corrected or uncorrected

54
Q

What is a Jaeger Vision test?

A

Identifying letters of a specified height (font size) at a given distance (usually holding a card at an arms length)

55
Q

What is a Snellen Vision test?

A

An acuity test.

20/20 means that a subject can see 20 feet at what most people can see 20 feet.

So, 20/30 means that subject can see 20 feet at what most people can see at 30 feet.

Therefor, best outcome would be with a smaller number: 20/10, subject can see 20 feet at what most people can see at 10 feet.

56
Q

After how many hours of wakefulness, are we functioning as if we have a 0.05% blood alcohol level?

A

17 hours

57
Q

How many hours of wakefulness are we performing as though our blood alcohol level is at 0.1%?

A

24 hours

58
Q

What are the 2 types of stress? Describe them.

A

Acute: demands placed on the body because of certain issues.
ex. Time restraints for finishing a job.

Chronic: long term demands placed on the body by both negative and positive major life events.
ex. Divorce or winning the lottery.

59
Q

What is a norm?

A

Unwritten rules or behaviours, dictated and followed by the majority of the group.

60
Q

What is the most sensitive area of our vision?

A

Fovea

61
Q

When we’re actively looking for defects and discontinuities, what type of vision are we using?

A

Central vision - the area defining by the macula

62
Q

The phenomena from the heat of surrounding air expanding and distorting items is called…

A

Roiling

63
Q

Sensitivity of the naked eye can see about to how many millimeters?

A

0.08 mm

64
Q

What do wavelengths describe?

A

Colour of light

65
Q

Visual light measurements are made in what units?

A

Foot candles or lux.

Most standards identify 1000 Lux as minimum

66
Q

What is lux a unit of?

A

Intensity

67
Q

What is used in pre-attentive focus?

A

Retina and all of receptor cells

Visual (5 decks)

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