2 Functional Groups and Nomenclature Flashcards
what are Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
a = 1 bond between 2 carbons
e = 2 bonds between 2 C
y = 3 bonds between 2 C
what r aromatic rings
functional groups with a ring with alternating single and double bonds
what are alcohols (3 types)
functional groups where C is connected to and OH
○ Primary - 1 carbon connected to the C with an OH
○ Secondary - 2 carbons connected to the C with an OH
○ Tertiary - 3 carbons connected to the C with an OH
what are ethers
○ Carbon connected to an Oxygen that is connected to another carbon
C-O-C
what are aldehydes
○ Carbon is double bonded to an oxygen and connected to an H
what are keytones
○ Carbon double bonded to an O and connected to 2 other carbons
what are carboxylic acids
○ Carbon double bonded to an oxygen and that carbon also has an OH connected
what is an ester
○ Carbon double bonded to an oxygen and is connected to another oxygen that is connected with another carbon
C-O-C=O
what are acid halides
○ Carbon double bonded to an oxygen and is connected to a Halogen (Br, Cl, F, I)
what are the intermolecular forces in order or strength
○ Electrostatic > H bonding > dipole-dipole > dispersion
what are electrostatic interactions
basically ionic bonds, +ve attracted to -ve
what are dipole - dipole interactions
Partial +ve is attracted to partial -ve (dipoles)
what is H bonding
○ Partial +ve H atom is attached to a heteroatom, with the partial -ve being on another heteroatom (any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen in organic chemistry)
TF Molecs with a lone pair on an electronegative heteroatom are H bond acceptors
T
what are dispersion forces
Temporary and instantaneous dipole that forms in molecs
○ Theres a shift in the electron cloud that creates a dipole
TF - If theres a nearby atom or molec it can be influenced to also create a temp dipole
T
TF molecs prefer solvents with different intermolecular forces
F, prefer solvents with similar intermolecular forces “like dissolves like”
what does protic and aprotic mean
protic = can donate an H bond
aprotic = cant donate and H bond
which 2 parameters are solvents classified under
Polar + non polar
protic + aprotic
TF Something is aprotic if it doesn’t have acidic protons (protons with a partial +ve charge)
T
Anything that increases electrostatic and dipole interactions, increases ______
hydrophilicity
Anything that decreases dispersion increases _______
hydrophilicity
TF more condensed structures have a lower solubility
F, higher solubility
what are the 3 portions of nomenclature
- A prefix (details about the substituents
- A root name (how many Cs in the chain / any alkenes or alkynes)
- A suffix (details about the highest priority functional group
what do we do when we have multiple substituents in naming
name them in alphabetical order
higher priority substituent groups get the ______ number
smaller
if the compound were naming is a ring we start with _____
cyclo
when naming compounds, more bonds between carbons means that
they are higher priority and well be at the suffix (ene trumps ane)
the only thing lower priority than Alk(a/e/y)nes are ____
Halides
General overview of the naming
alphabetical order { location of atom(#) } {(how many Atoms there are)(“Name” of atom) } {Shape of chain if there, then # of carbons} {location of dbl or triple bond if there} {name bond (ane, ene, yne)} {# highest priority thing, then suffix of it}
