Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phys II Unit III > 2 Female Reproduction > Flashcards

2 Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary female reproductive organ?

A

Ovaries

Produce ova via oogenesis

Secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do we need estrogen?

A

Female secondary sex characteristics

Ova maturation and release

Primes tissues to progesterone —> increasing progesterone receptors

Contributes to transport/viability of sperm in female

Contributes to breast development for lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do we need progesterone?

A

Prepares uterus for nourishment of embryo/fetus

Contributes to breasts’ ability to produce milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Primordial germ cells undergo mitosis until…

A

20-24 weeks gestation

Peaks at 6-7 million oogonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens to the oogonia produced from 8-9 weeks gestational to 6 months after birth?

A

Enter prophase I of meiosis and become primary oocytes

Enclosed by a layer of pre-granulomatosis cells

DEVELOPMENT ARRESTED IN PHOPHASE I OF MEIOSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Primary oocytes remain arrested in prophase I of meiosis until…

A

Just before ovulation

Meiosis resumes only in the oocyte released at ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Of the 6-7 million oogonia produced, only ______ remain at birth, _____ remain by puberty, and ________ are ovulated throughout life

A

2 million oocytes at birth

400,000 at puberty

400-500 are ovulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When does mitosis proliferation of oogonia occur

A

PRIOR TO BIRTH ONLY

Primary oocytes arrested in first meiosis division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

After puberty, ____ primary oocyte reaches maturity and is ovulated about ___________.

A

1 primary oocyte

Once a month until menopause ensues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens to Primary oocyte just before ovulation

A

ONE primary oocyte enlarges —> completes first meiosis division just prior to ovulation —> secondary oocyte released —> second meiosis division completed after fertilization —> mature ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between the mature ovum and the 3 polar bodies

A

Same amount of chromosomal info between all of them, but cytoplasm is inequally split

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to the secondary oocyte if no fertilization occurs?

A

Oocyte is discarded in menses without ever completing oogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to the secondary oocyte if fertilization occurs?

A

Sperm entry triggers second meiosis division, yielding second polar body and mature haploid ovum, which unites with the haploid sperm, completing fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Oogenesis vs Spermatogenesis:

Time to completion

A

Spermatogenesis = accomplished within 2-3 months

Oogenesis = takes anywhere from 12 to 50 years to complete on cyclic basis from onset of puberty until menopause (only happens if fertilization occurs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Oogenesis vs Spermatogenesis:

Number of products

A

Postpubertal male can produce several hundred million sperm each day

Female born with limited, largely non-renewable supply of germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Oogenesis vs Spermatogenesis:

Primary cell yield

A

Each primary spermatocyte —> 4 equally viable spermatozoa

Each primary oocyte —> only one cytoplasm-rich ovum and three cytoplasm-poor polar bodies that disintegrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The average ovarian cycle lasts ______.

A

28 days

Normally interrupted only by pregnancy

Finally terminated by menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two alternating phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular phase - dominated by maturing follicles

Luteal phase - characterized by corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What event separates the Follicular phase from the Luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In a primary follicle, a primary oocyte is surrounded by…

A

Single layer of granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Under the influence of ________, granulosa cells proliferate and form the __________ around the oocyte

A

Local paracrines —> zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Surrounding ovarian connective tissue differentiates into ________, converting a primary follicle into a preantral follicle

A

Thecal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Follicles reaching the preantral stage are recruited for further development under the influence of ________ at the beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

A

FSH

A recruited follicle develops into an antral, or secondary, follicle as an estrogen-rich antrum starts to form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

After about 2 weeks of rapid growth under the influence of ______, the secondary follicle has developed into a mature follicle, with a greatly expanded antrum. It’s now called ….

A

FSH —> Graafian follicle

Contains a secondary oocyte displaced to one side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

At midcycle, in response to __________, the mature follicle bulging on the ovarian surface, ruptures and releases the secondary oocyte

A

LH surge

Results in ovulation and the end of the follicular phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

At the beginning of the luteal phase, the ruptured follicle develops into a ________ under the influence of ____.

A

Corpus Luteum

LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The corpus luteum continues to grow and secrete ___________ and __________ that prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum

A

Progesterone and estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

14 days after ovulation, if a fertilized ovum does not implant in the uterus, what happens to the corpus luteum?

A

Degenerates

The luteal phase ends and a new follicular phase begins under the influence of a changing hormonal milieu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

As a primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle, the pre-granulosa cells become…

A

Cuboidal —> secrete a gel-like substance that covers the oocyte called the zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

As the primary follicle develops into the secondary preantral follicle, what happens to the granulosa cells?

A

Cuboidal granulosa cells proliferate and the outer most layers become stratified

Meanwhile, the surrounding ovarian tissue differentiates into theca cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The development of a primordial follicle into a preantral follicle is a __________ process

A

Hormone-independent

Oogenesis stops here and regresses in prepubertal ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

_______ cells secrete the zona pellucida

A

Granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

__________ and ________ cells secrete increased amounts of estrogen

A

Granulosa and thecal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

After ovulation, old follicular cells undergo structural transformation to form _____________ in a process known as __________.

A

Corpus Luteum

Luteinization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why is the corpus luteum named as it is?

A

“Yellow Body” due to storage of cholesterol

Luteal cells enlarge and become steroid hormone producing tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the functions of the corpus luteum?

A

Secretes estrogen and progesterone

Becomes highly vascularized after ovulation and fully functional within four days after ovulation

Continues to increase in size for another four or five days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

If released oocyte is not fertilized or does not implant, what happens to the corpus luteum?

A

Degenerates within about 14 days after its formation and becomes the Corpus Albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Why is the corpus albicans named as it is?

A

“White Body” due to fibrous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

If fertilization and implantation do occur, what happens to the corpus luteum?

A

Continues to grow and produce estrogen and progesterone and becomes the corpus luteum of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Theca cells contain ____________ which upon _____ stimulation converts cholesterol primarily to androstenedione (androgens) during the follicular phase

A

Cholesterol desmolase

LH stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Granulosa cells contain __________ which upon _______ stimulation converts androgens to __________.

A

Aromatase
FSH
Estradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Theca and granulosa cells only secrete ________ after being converted to luteal cells

A

Progesterone, via LH stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the steps in the production of estrogen by an ovarian follicle?

A
  1. LH stimulates the thecal cells in the follicle —> convert cholesterol into androgen
  2. Androgen diffuses from the thecal cells into the adjacent granulosa cells
  3. FSH stimulates the granulosa cells in the ovarian follicle —> convert androgen into estrogen
    4a. Part of the estrogen is secreted into the blood—> systemic effects
    4b. Part of the estrogen remains within the follicle —> contributes to antral formation
  4. Local estrogen, along with FSH, stimulates proliferation of the granulosa cells
44
Q

Estrogen binds to __________ in circulation

A

Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)

45
Q

Progesterone binds to __________ in circulation

A

Corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)

46
Q

_______ and _________ increase sex hormone binding globulins (SHBG)

A

Estrogen and thyroxine

47
Q

_________ and __________ decrease sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)

A

Progesterone and androgens

48
Q

How much of estradiol is free and active in circulation?

A

3%

Does not vary significantly during the menstrual cycle

49
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released from the hypothalamus in a _________ manner

A

Pulsatile

50
Q

_______ pulse frequency stimulates FSH gonadotropes

A

Low

51
Q

_______ pulse frequency stimulates LH gonadotropes

A

High

52
Q

FSH and LH stimulate _________.

A

Ovarian follicles

53
Q

_______ induces Inhibin release from _______ cells

A

FSH

Granulosa cells

54
Q

Inhibin has a negative feedback on ______ release specifically

A

FSH

55
Q

______ has a feedback control for gonadotropes in general

A

Estrogen

56
Q

What inhibits GnRH release?

A 
Prolactin
Stress
Exercise
Endorphins
Chronic illness
57
Q

When it’s time for ovulation, the dominant follicle has a positive cycle for estrogen synthesis, so ….

A

Estrogen levels are high - now has a POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Hypothalamus increases GnRH frequency
Pituitary increases GnRH receptors

—> Explosive LH surge —> ovulation

58
Q

Why does FSH not rise as much as LH during ovulation?

A

Negative feedback inhibition by Inhibin

59
Q

What are the effects of the LH surge at ovulation?

A

Stimulates conversion of antral follicle to Graafian follicle

Process of meiosis is resumed

Stimulates production of proteolytic enzymes in follicle —> digestion of follicle for ovulatory rupture

Increases prostaglandins —> increase follicular blood flow, follicular wall distensibility, and follicular proteolytic enzymes

Differentiate follicle cells into corpus luteum

60
Q

The luteal cells (transformed from follicular granulosa and theca cells) produce both _______ and _______ in high levels

A

Progesterone and Estrogen

61
Q

__________ has a negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary —> suppresses the positive feedback of estrogen, suppressing a second LH surge

A

Progesterone

62
Q

What hormone is released if pregnancy occurs?

A

Placental hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

63
Q

What are the three phases of the Endometrial (Uterine) Cycle?

A

Menstrual phase (may vary): Days 0-4

Proliferative phase (may vary): Days 5-14

Secretory (progestational) phase (constant): days 15-28

64
Q

The menstrual phase of the uterine cycle is characterized by…

A

Discharge of blood and endometrial debris from the vagina

First day of menstruation marks the start of a new cycle

65
Q

Menses occurs ____ days after ovulation, regardless of the cycle length. Therefore for cycles longer than 28 days, there is a longer ________ phase

A

14 days

Proliferative (follicular) phase

66
Q

What does the release of uterine prostaglandins do during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Causes vasoconstriction of endometrial vessels, which disrupts blood supply and results in death of endometrium

Stimulates mild rhythmic contractions of uterine myometrium which helps expel blood and endometrial debris from the uterine cavity to vagina

67
Q

The proliferative phase of the uterine cycle begins concurrent with ….

A

The last portion of the ovarian follicular phase

Endometrium starts to repair itself and proliferate under influence of estrogen from newly growing follicles

68
Q

The _______-dominant proliferative phase lasts from end of menstruation to ovulation

A

Estrogen

Peak estrogen levels trigger LH surge responsible for ovulation

69
Q

The uterus enters the ______ phase after ovulation, when the new corpus luteum is formed

A

Secretory or progestational phase

Corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone and estrogen

70
Q

What is the effect of progesterone (produced by corpus luteum) on the endometrium?

A

Converts endometrium to highly vascularized, glycogen-filled tissue

Endometrial glands actively secrete glycogen

If fertilization and implantation do not occur, corpus luteum degenerates, new follicular phase and menstrual phase begin once again

71
Q

The endometrium is subdivided into what two layers?

A

Basal layer (constant)

Functional layer - the one that builds up and is shed each month

72
Q

Estrogen effect on a woman’s body:

Heart

A

Protests from cholesterol

Maintains low blood cholesterol (high HDL, low LDL)

Arterial vasodilator

Decreases atherosclerosis

73
Q

Estrogen effect on a woman’s body:

Liver

A

Reduces cholesterol in blood

74
Q

Estrogen effect on a woman’s body:

Ovary

A

Produced from growing eggs

75
Q

Estrogen effect on a woman’s body:

Uterus

A

Monthly preparation for pregnancy or menstrual cycle

76
Q

Estrogen effect on a woman’s body:

Vagina

A

Makes it moist

Protects from infection (proliferation of epithelial layer)

77
Q

Estrogen effect on a woman’s body:

Brain

A

Helps adjust body temperature
Increases memory
Adjusts libido

78
Q

Estrogen effect on a woman’s body:

Breasts

A

Grows and shapes breast

Prepares breast for feeding
• Increases ductal growth/growth of the breast
• Increases nipple size and pigmentation

79
Q

Estrogen effect on a woman’s body:

Skin

A

Makes skin young

Inhibits body and facial hair growth (except pubic and axillary areas)

Promotes pubic and axillary hair growth

80
Q

Estrogen effect on a woman’s body:

Bone

A

Allows for epiphyseal closure
Facilitates calcium uptake into bone —> strengthens
Antagonizes PTH on bone (decreases rate of resorption)
Decreases production of cytokines
Inhibits osteoclasts

81
Q

Estrogen effect on a woman’s body:

Fallopian tubes

A

Increases the number of cilia and their rate of beating, drawing the ovum into the tube

82
Q

Estrogen effect on a woman’s body:

Myometrium

A

Increases oxytocin receptors and contractions

83
Q

Estrogen effect on a woman’s body:

Endometrium

A

Thickens, increases permeability and blood supply

SYNTHESIZES RECEPTORS for progesterone on uterine cells

84
Q

Estrogen effect on a woman’s body:

Cervix

A

Mucous thin, watery, and alkaline

Increases distensibility, making birthing easier

85
Q

Estrogen effect on a woman’s body:

Body fat

A

Increased deposit of subcutaneous fat in hips and breasts

86
Q

Estrogen effect on a woman’s body:

Kidneys

A

Increases absorption of Na+, Cl-, and H2O, contributes to bloating during the menstrual cycle

87
Q

Physiologic effects of Progesterone:

Uterus

A

Needs estrogen prior to stimulation**

Increases development/differentiation of endometrial glands, converts uterus into actively secreting tissue

Induces deciduous formation (placenta)

Decreases contractility

88
Q

Physiologic effects of Progesterone:

Cervix

A

Antagonizes estrogen**

Decreases distensibility

Thick, acidic mucus —> poor environment for sperm

89
Q

Physiologic effects of Progesterone:

Vagina

A

Antagonizes estrogen*****

Decreases proliferation of epithelial layer

90
Q

Physiologic effects of Progesterone:

Mammary glands

A

Increases branching of the ductal system

91
Q

Physiologic effects of Progesterone:

Body as a whole

A

Increases temperature following ovulation (by 0.5-1˚C, used as an indicator that ovulation has occurred)

Increases appetite

92
Q

Physiologic effects of Progesterone:

Kidneys

A

Decreases Na+ reabsorption by competing with aldosterone

93
Q

________ are responsible for growth and development of the vagina, uterus, and oviducts - organs essential to OVUM TRANSPORT and ZYGOTE IMPLANTATION

A

Estrogens

94
Q

________ is the hormone of pregnancy responsible for implantation of the zygote and maintenance of the pregnant state

A

Progesterone

Thus it acts on estrogen-primed tissues and typically antagonizes estrogen’s effects

95
Q

Menstrual cramps are due to…

A

Contractions of the uterus, caused by increased prostaglandins as menstruation begins

Last 1-2 days

96
Q

Severe pain combined with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea at the time of menstruation

A

Dysmenorrhea

97
Q

A complex of symptoms occurring in the luteal phase that affects up to 40% of women of reproductive age, with severe impairment occurring in 5%.

A

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

PMDD (Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder) are a more severe version related to severe mood disorder

98
Q

Symptoms of PMS

A 
Bloating of the abdomen and pelvis
Weight gain, increasing appetite 
Breast tenderness, ankle edema, and HA
Irritability 
Mood swings
Depression, anxiety
Fatigue
Difficulty concentrating and working effectively
99
Q

Decline in fertility associated with a decline in ovarian function

A

Menopause

Related to a drop in the critical mass of primordial follicles

100
Q

Mean age of menopause

A

51.4 years (range 40-58)

101
Q

Follicular atresia accelerates at about ____ years —> ______

A

37.5 years —> climacteric

102
Q

In perimenopause, the decreased follicle pool —>

A

Decreased Inhibin —> increased FSH —> Acceleration of follicular maturation —> shorter cycle

103
Q

As follicular pool continues to decrease just before menopause, —>

A

Decreases E2 —> delayed positive feedback —> longer cycle

Insufficient E2 —> NO positive feedback —> anovulatory

104
Q

Once menopause begins, the dramatically reduced follicle pool —>

A

Severely decreased E2 —> Increased LH and FSH —> cycle arrest

105
Q

Diagnosis of menopause

A

FSH > 30 mlU/ml

OR

No menses for 12 months in women of typical age range

There’s also a fancy new test but it costs $60. WHY!?!?!?!?!?

106
Q

The downsides of menopause

A

Hot flashes

Urogenital atrophy
• Atrophy of estrogen-dependent tissues (breast, uterus, vagina)
• Decreased vaginal secretions —> painful intercourse

Change in cognitive function —> increased risk of Alzheimer’s

Osteoporosis

CVD

107
Q

How does hormonal contraception work for women?

A

Combination preparations (monophonic or multiphasic) or progesterone alone

PREVENTS OVULATION by negative feedback on the anterior pituitary, PREVENTING THE LH SURGE

Thickens cervical mucus —> reduced sperm motility

Decreased motility of uterus/fallopian tubes

Decreased uterine glycogen production —> impairs blastocyst survival and interferes with implantation

Phys II Unit III (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions