2. Digestive System, Abdominal Cavity Flashcards

Question

Circular muscles of the Pharynx

Answer 1

* Superior constrictors - constricts upper pharynx * Middle constrictors - constricts lower pharynx * Inferior constrictors - constricts lower pharynx (also innervated by reccurent and external laryngeal nerves)

Answer 2

* Stylopharyngeus - elevates pharynx and larynx (innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve) * Palatopharyngeus - elevates pharynx and larynx, closes nasopharynx * Salpingopharyngeus- elevates pharynx, opens auditory tube

Answer 3

Ascending: * pharyngeal artery (smallest branch of external carotid artery) * palatine branch of the facial artery Descending: * palatine arteries(branch of internal maxillary artery) * Pharyngeal branches of maxillary artery * branches of sup. + inf. thyroid arteries

Answer 4

Pharyngeal plexus : * Lies on middle pharyngeal constrictor m. * Formed by pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves * Vagal branch innervates all muscles of pharynx except stylopharyngeus : glossopharyngeal n. * Glossopharyngeal portion supplies sensory fibres to the pharyngeal mucosa

Answer 5

* **Pharyngeal tonsil** * found in the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx * called an adenoid when enlarged * **Palatine tonsil** * on each side of the oropharynx * between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds * **Tubal tonsil** * lymphoid nodules near the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube * **Lingual tonsil** * lymphoid follicles on the posterior portion of the dorsum of the tongue

Answer 6

* non-encapsuled masses of lymphoid tissue * covered with a stratified squamous epithelium * epithelial cells are able to phagocytose bacteria, and transfer them to macrophages

Answer 7

* 9 different regions * each region includes an underlying organ

Answer 8

* 25 cm long, continuation of the pharynx * behind trachea and larynx * from carina: runs in posterior mediastinum * 2 muscle layers: peristaltic movement * internal circular m. * external longitudinal m. * through esophageal hiatus in diaphragm * empties in cardial orifice of stomach, left of the midline at T11 vertebra

Answer 9

**Arteries:** * left gastric artery *(from celiac trunk)* * left inferior phrenic artery **Veins:** * left gastric vein *(to portal vein, to liver)* * esophageal vein *(to azygous vein)*

Answer 10

→ happens through esophageal nerve plexus formed by * vagal trunks * thoracic sympathetic trunks * periarterial plexuses around the arteries of the E. * right and left vagus nerves

Answer 11

→ 4 Layers, from in- to outside 1. _Tunica mucosa_ 1. **Epithelial lamina** * non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium 2. **Proper mucous lamina** * cardiac esophageal glands * produce mucin * lymphatic elements 3. **Muscular mucous lamina** * ****longitudinal smooth muscle 2. _Tunica submucosa_ * longitudinal folds, small salivary glands 3. _Tunica muscularis_ * __striated, mixed, smooth muscle 4. _Tunica adventitia_ * __outermost layer

Answer 12

→ **intraperitoneal** organ located in epigastric and left hypochondriac regions 1. **Cardia** * surrounds cardiac orifice at T10 level 2. **Fundus** * inferior to the apex of the heart at level of 5th rib * may contain air bubble on x-ray 3. **Corpus (Body)** * has **lesser** and **greater** **curvatures** 4. **Pylorus****** * P. antrum → P. canal → P. sphincter * at L1 level

Answer 13

→ intraperitoneal 1. **hepato•gastric lig.** (part of les. omentum) * inferior margin of liver ⇔ lesser curvature * carries right and left gastric art. 2. **gastro•colic lig.** (part of gr. omentum) * ****greater curvature ⇔ transverse colon * forms anterior part of lesser sac 3. **gastro•splenic lig.** (part of gr. omentum) * greater curvature ⇔ hilum of spleen 4. **gastro•phrenic lig.** * fundus of stomach ⇔ left crus of diaphragm

Answer 14

**Arteries** * **Lesser curvature** * sup.: left gastric art. *(from celiac trunk)* * inf.: right gastric art. *(from common hepatic art.)* * **Greater curvature** * sup.: left gastro-omental art. *(from splenic art.)* * inf.: right gastro-omental art. *(from gastroduodenal art.* * **Fundus** * short gastric artery *(from splenic art.)* **Veins** * **Lesser curvature** * sup.: left gastric vein *(to portal vein)* * inf.: right gastric vein *(to portal vein)* * **Greater curvature** * sup.: left gastro-omental vein *(to splenic vein)* * inf.: right gastro-omental vein *(to sup. mesenteric vein)* * **Fundus** * short gastric vein *(to splenic vein)*

Answer 15

**Parasympathetic:** * post. + ant. vagal trunk **Sympathetic:** * major + minor splanchnic nerve * coeliac ganglion

Answer 16

3 histological parts: * cardia (esophageal-cardial junction) * change: non-keratinized stratified squamous → simple columnar epithelium * fundus + body * pylorus (pyloric-duodenal junction) * Brunner's gland 5 Layers: 1. **Tunica mucosa** 1. Lamina epithelium * simple columnar epithelium * forms gastric pits * produce mucin for HCl protection 2. Lamina propria * loose CT, many lymphocytes * hosts gastric glands 3. Lamina muscularis mucosae * circular- + longitudinal muscle fibers 2. **Tunica submucosa** * loose CT * blood vessels, lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages, adipocytes 3. **Tunica muscularis** * ****3 layers: inner, middle, outer sublayer 4. **Tunica subserosa** 5. **Tunica serosa** * ****loose CT * mesothelium **Gastric glands:** 1. **Cardiac glands** * gastric pits 2. **Fundid glands** * smaller gastric pits * Chief cells: pepsinogen * parietal cells: HCl 3. **Pyloric glands****** * ****produce mucous

Answer 17

* C-shape around head of pancreas * arises from Fore- + Midgut 4 Parts 1. **superior part** * intraperitoneal * hepato•duodenal lig. (part of the lesser omentum) 2. **descending part** * 2^nd retroperitoneal * descends on right side of L1-L3 * major duodenal papilla (p. of Vater) * entrance of bile duct! 3. **horizontal part** * 2^nd retroperitoneal * crosses L3 vertebra * ventral: sup. mesenteric art. + vein * dorsal: aorta + IVC 4. **ascending part** * duodeno•jejunal junction (L2 ver.)

Answer 18

**Arteries** 1. **Foregut part** (ampulla → major duodenal papilla) * sup. pancreatico•duodenal art. * *from gastro•duodenal art. of celiac trunk* 2. **Midgut part** (papilla → ) * inf. pancreatico•duodenal art. * *from superior mesenteric artery* **Veins** * Duodenal vein *(to portal vein)*

Answer 19

**Jejunum** * makes up 40% of small intestine * from duodeno•jejunal flexure * circular folds * Peyer's patches: lymphoid tissue * larger in diam., thicker walls than ileum * less arterial arcades (anastomotic loops), longer straight art. in its mesentary than ileum **Ileum** * makes up 60% of small intestine * ends at **ileo•coecal junction** * occupies false pelvis * shorter circular folds than jejunum

Answer 20

* **intraperitoneal** * mesenterium proprium

Answer 21

**Arteries** * all midgut! * **sup. mesenteric art.** * **jejunal art. * ileal art. * make arcades that run within the mesentery * vasa recta/straigt art. extend from it **Veins** * **superior mesenteric vein** *(to splenic vein)*

Answer 22

**Parasympathetic:** * vagus nerve **Sympathetic:** Duodenum: * celiac ganglion Jejunum, Ileum: * superior mesenteric ganglion

Answer 23

Folds/projections (rich in capillaries) * Circular folds (Kerkring's valve) * 1 cm long circular folds in tunica muscularis * Intestinal villi * 1 mm long finger like projections of mucous membrane into the lumen * increases internal surface 5 Layers: 1. _Tunica mucosa_ * intestinal villi * epithelium with * enterocytes (absorbtive cells) * goblet cells * lymphocytes 1. **Epithelial lamina** * simple columnar epithelium 2. **Proper lamina** * smooth muscles * capillaries * glands 3. **Muscular mucous lamina** * duodenum: discontinous * jejenum: continous * crypt's of Lieberkühn * ileum: discontinous (lymphatic follicles "Peyer's patches) 2. _Tunica submucosa_ * __loose CT * submucosal plexus 3. _Tunica muscularis_ * __longitudinal + circular * Auerbach plexus 4. _Tunica serosa_ * loose CT * mesothelium

Answer 24

→ extends from ileo•cecal junction to anus (1.5 m long) consists of 4 parts: 1. **Coecum** * receives bolus from ileum * surrounded by peritoneum, NO mesentary 2. **Appendix** * ****narrow, hollow, muscular tube with aggregations of lymphoid tissue * has meseoappendix 3. **Colon**, ****has 4 parts: 1. Ascending colon (retroperitoneal) 2. Transverse colon (intraperitoneal, *transverse mesocolon* ) 3. Descending colon (retroperitoneal) 4. Sigmoid colon (intraperitoneal, *sigmoid mesocolon*) 4. **Rectum and anal canal**

Answer 25

1. **Caecum** * **intraperitoneal** (sometimes extraperitoneal) * meso•caecum 2. **Appendix** * ******intraperitoneal** * meso•appendix 3. **Colon** 1. **Ascending colon** * ****2^nd retroperitoneal 2. **Transervse colon** * **intraperitoneal** * phreni•colic lig. * phreni•splenic lig. * gastro•colic lig. 3. **Descending colon** * ****2^nd retroperitoneal 4. **Sigmoid colon** * **intraperitoneal** * meso•sigmoideum 4. **Rectum** 1. **upper 1/3** * **intraperitoneal** * meso•rectum 2. **middle 2/3** * ****2^nd retroperitoneal 3. **lower 3/3** * ******infraperitoneal**

Answer 26

**Arteries** 1. **Caecum** * caecal aa. *(from ileo•colic art., from sup. mesenteric artery)* 2. **Appendix** * appendicular art. *(from ileo•colic art., from sup. mesenteric artery)* 3. **Colon**, has 4 parts: 1. **Ascending colon** * ****right colic art. *(from sup. mesenteric artery)* 2. **Transverse colon** * middle colic art. *(from sup. mesenteric artery)* 3. **Descending colon** * ****left colic art. *(from inf. mesenteric artery)* 4. **Sigmoid colon** * ****sigmoid aa. 4. **Rectum and anal canal** 1. **upper 1/3** * sup. rectal art. *(from inf. mesenteric artery)* 2. **middle 1/3** * middle rectal art. *(from internal iliac artery)* 3. **lower 1/3** * ****inferior rectal art. *(from internal pudendal artery* **Veins** → veins have the same names!

Answer 27

**Parasympathetic** 1. Vagus nerve * until left colic flexure 2. Pelvic splanchnic nerves * left colic flexure until anus **Sympathetic** 1. Sacral splanchnic nerves

Answer 28

* semilunar folds on the inside caused by * free taenia * omental taenia * meso•colic taenia * outside: omental appendices * fat-filled bulges of peritoneum

Answer 29

1. _Tunica mucosa_ * __intestinal glands: goblet & absorptive cells * Lamina epithelialis: simple columnar * Lamina propria: loose CT, rich in lymphoid nodules * Lamina muscularis: smooth muscle 2. _Tunica submucosa_ * Loose CT, Meissner's plexus 3. _Tunica muscularis_ * teniae coli : outer longitudinal muscle fibres * haustra coli: small pouches caused by sacculation 4. _Tunica adventitia-serosa_: * tunica serosa: mesothelium * tunica adventitia: not covered by peritoneum; loose CT

Answer 30

→ 2^ndretroperitoneal organ, lying in lesser sac, consisting of 3 parts: 1. **head** (L1-L2 level) * lies in C-shape of duodenum * pancreatic duct → major duodenal papilla * accessory panc. duct → minor duodenal papilla 2. **body** * ****has omental eminence 3. **tail**

Answer 31

**Arteries** 1. **Head** * ****sup. + inf. pancreatico•duodenal art. *(from gastroduodenal art., from common hepatic art.)* 2. **Body** * ****splenic art. **Veins** * Splenic vein *(to hepatic portal vein)*

Answer 32

* Celiac ganglion * Vagus nerve

Answer 33

1. **Exocrine part** * compound alveolar acinar glands * centroacinar cells * intercalated ducts * purely serous 2. **Endocrine part** * **islets of Langerhans** * alpha - secrete glucagon * beta - secrete insulin

Answer 34

* largest visceral organ, largest gland in body * bare area (not peritoneal!) * not enclosed by coronary lig. 4 main parts: 1. **right lobe****** * ****between: Falciform- + round lig. 2. **left lobe** 3. **quadrate lobe** * ****inferiorly on posterior side * receives blood from the left hepatic art. * drains bile into the left hepatic duct 4. **caudate lobe** * superiorly on posterior side * receives blood from right + left hepatic art. * drains bile into right + left hepatic duct

Answer 35

**peritoneal ligaments:** 1. falciform lig. 2. coronary lig. 3. right triangular lig. → hepato•renal lig. 4. left triangular lig. → fibrous appendix of liver hepato•duodenal lig. Porta Hepatis: attachment point for lesser omentum!

Answer 36

**Superior - diaphragmatic surface** **Anterior** * right lobe * divided by falciform lig. * left lobe **Posterior - visceral surface** * **H-shaped fissures for:** 1. ****Porta hepatis * common hepatic duct * hepatic portal vein * hepatic art. 2. venous lig. 3. round lig. 4. IVC 5. gallbladder

Answer 37

Arteries 1. **Oxigenated blood** * proper hepatic artery (25%) *(from common hepatic art.)* 2. **Deoxigenated blood** * hepatic portal vein (75%) *(to IVC)* → both vessels branch further in liver: * interlobar a. + v.→ * interlobular a. + v.→ * perilobular a. + v.→ * liver sinusoid (capillaries) → * central veins → * sublobular veins → * hepatic veins → * IVC

Answer 38

* dual blood supply (hepatic art. + hepatic portal v.) * sheets of connective tissue divide liver into thousands of lobules * lobule has hexagonal in shape, with **portal triads** and a central vein: * branch of portal vein * branch of hepatic artery * branch of bile duct * **hepatic acinus** is oriented around the afferent vascular system. * **hepatocytes**: polygonal cells, joined to one another in anastomosing plates * have abundant rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi membranes * make contact with blood in sinusoids * vascular channels lined with highly fenestrated endothelial cells * Space of Disse: * space between sinusoids & hepatocytes * contains Kuppfer cells : macrophages * Bile: secretions from the basal surface of hepatocytes * collect in channels called canaliculi and flow hepatic bile duct

Answer 39

* _many_ different functions! * production + secretion of bile * detoxification * storage of glycogen * protein synthesis * production of heparin + bile pigments

Answer 40

* large, vascular, lymphatic organ * ****medulla * white pulp * lymphatic tissue * red pulp * venous sinusoids * hematopoietic in early life * later destroys old RBC

Answer 41

**Arteries** * splenic art. *(from celiac art.)* **Vein** * splenic vein *(to hepatic portal vein)*

Answer 42

* **intraperitoneal** * supported by * spleno•gastric lig. * spleno•renal lig.

Answer 43

* **Costal surface** * impressions of ribs * **Visceral surface****** * hilum * gastric impression * renal impression * colic impression * pancreatic impression * **Superior border** * **Inferior border**

Answer 44

* capsule: dense CT 1. **White pulp (lymphoid part)** 1. lymphoid follicles * B-lymphocytes 2. Periarterial lymphatic sheet * T-lymphocytes 3. Marginal zone * macrophages (splenocytes) 2. **Red pulp (haemopoietic part of spleen)** 1. ****Sinusoid * intercellular spaces for blood passage * only healthy RBCs can enter (due to flexibility) 2. Splenic cords * reticular cells + fibres, macrophages, plasma cells * phagocytes old RBCs

Answer 45

1. **Gallbladder** * on visceral surface of liver, covered by peritoneum * consists of 4 parts: * fundus * body * neck * **cystic duct** 1. receives + stores bile from liver 2. concentrates it (collecting salt and water) 2. **Liver** * **right + left hepatic duct** 3. **Pancreas****** * **pancreatic duct** ## Footnote **⇒ They come together and all drain into the major duodenal papilla (p. of Vater)**

Answer 46

**Arteries** * Cystic art. *(from hepatic art. proper)* **Veins** * Cystic vein *(to hepatic portal vein)*

Answer 47

* mucosa is thrown into many folds * lumen is lined with a high columnar epithelium * connective tissue wall contains abundant elastic fibers and layers of smooth muscle * epithelium rests on a highly vascularized lamina propria * epithelial cells are devoted to absorption of inorganic salts and water * provide the mechanism for the gallbladder's ability to concentrate bile

Answer 48

→ greatest serous membrane system of body, lined with mesothelial cells consists of 2 layers: * **Parietal peritoneum****** * **Visceral peritoneum** Divides abdominal cavity into: * Preperitoneal space * Peritoneal cavity * females: opened via genital tract * males: completely closed! * Retroperitoneal space * Infraperitoneal space (→ lesser pelvis)

Answer 49

* **covers** and **fixes** the viscera (=organs) * **protects** viscera and its supplying vessels * **produces** peritoneal fluid * **resorps** (peritoneal dialysis)

Answer 50

1. **Intraperitoneal** * organs lying in **duplicature of visceral peritoneum called mesentary** 2. **Retroperitoneal** 1. **primary** * ****retroperitoneal from the beginning of embryonal development 2. **secondary** * becomes retroperitoneal at one stage of development 3. Infra-/Extraperitoneal * organs caudally to the peritoneum 4. Praeperitoneal * organs ventrally to the peritoneum

Answer 51

The peritoneal cavity can be divided into: 1. **Lesser sac** (omental bursa) * only opening: **Epiploic foramen** * posterior to hepato•duodenal foramen * has 3 recesses * superior * inferior * splenic (at hilus of spleen) 2. **Greater sac** 1. subprenic recess 2. hepato•renal recess 3. paracolic recess 4. Douglas pouch *(posterior to uterus)* 5. vesicouterine pouch *(anterior to uterus)*

Answer 52

**Parietal peritoneum** * somatic nerves **Visceral peritoneum** * visceral nerves

Answer 53

* thin layer of loose connective tissue covered by a single layer of mesothelial cells * mesothelial cells: * simple squamous cells * microvilli on surface and are very fragile * fibroelastic tissue is present within the connective tissue layer to provide support

Answer 54

******Lesser omentum** * porta hepatis ⇔ lesser curvature of stomach and beginning of duodenum * consists of: * hepato•gastric lig. * hepato•duodenal lig. * forms anterior wall of lesser sac * contents: * common bile duct * portal vein * hepatic art. proper **Greater omentum** * greater curvature of stomach ⇔ transverse colon * hangs down into peritoneal cavity * holds right + left gastroepiploic vessels * Consists of: * Gastro•splenic lig. * Spleno•renal lig. * Gastro•phrenic lig. * Gastro•colic lig.

Answer 55

→ forms from union of right + left common iliac veins * Lumbar veins * Gonodal vein * testicular vein * ovarian vein * Renal vein * Suprarenal * Hepatic vein * inferior phrenic vein

Answer 56

1. **Visceral** 1. _paired_ * __middle suprarenal art. * renal art. * gonadal art. 2. _unpaired_ 1. __sup. + inf. mesenteric art 2. celiac trunk 2. **Parietal** 1. _paired_ * __inf. phrenic art. * lumbar art. (4 pairs) 2. _unpaired_ * __median sacral art.

Answer 57

→ from gastrointestinal organs + spleen to **liver** 1. sup. + inf. mesenteric veins 2. splenic vein 3. right + left gastric veins 4. cystic vein 5. sup. pancreatico•duodenal vein 6. paraumbilical vein

Answer 58

→ allow communication between portal- and systemic venous system → provides collateral circulation during portal obstruction 1. **Esophageal anastomosis** * left gastric vein ⇔ azygous vein 2. **Rectal anastomosis** *(haemorrhoids!)* * between superior, middle, inferior rectal veins 3. **Paraumbilical anastomosis** *(portal hypertension)* * paraumbilical vein ⇔ sup. + inf. epigastric vein 4. **Retroperitoneal anastomosis** * ****colic veins ⇔ abdominal wall veins

Answer 59

* ganglia of AST found in lateral horns of T5-T12 vertebra * in the abdomen the nerves that arise from the spinal segments will pass through the sympathetic trunk **without** synapsing→ splanchnic nerves 1. Paravertebral ganglia * have inter-ganglionic connections→ sympathetic trunk * named according to location 2. Pre-vertebral ganglia : * located at origins of the major branches of abdominal aorta * named after arteries

Answer 60

Consists of 2 parts 1. Cranial * presynaptic ganglion: dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve * postsynaptic ganglion: visceral ganglia 2. Sacral * Presynaptic: lateral horns of S2-S4 spinal cord segments * Form pelvic splanchnic nerves → inferior hypogastric plexus

Answer 61

formed by sym and parasym nerve fibers Plexi 1. Celiac plexus * hepatic plexus: liver, gall bladder * gastric plexus: stomach * splenic plexus: spleen * pancreatic plexus: pancreas, duodenum 2. Superior mesenteric plexus(w/ its ganglia) * head of pancreas * small intestine * colon * ovary 3. Suprarenal,Renal plexus(w/ corticorenal ganglion) * Ureteral plexus: kidney, proximal ureter 4. Ovarian/Testicular plexus * direct innervation : ovary and testis * superior hypogastric plexus : ureter, genital organs 5. Inferior hypogastric ganglia(w/ pelvic ganglia) * middle inferior rectal plexus * prostatic plexus * deferential plexus * uterovaginal plexus * vesical plexus

Answer 62

* After it becomes anterior and posterior trunks around the esophagus * anterior trunk terminates at esophagus * posterior trunk goes on to supply→ small & large intestine until distal part of transverse colon

Answer 63

1. Liver, gallbladder, stomach * sym: celiac ganglion * parasym: vagal trunk 2. Pancreas, duodenum, spleen * sym: celiac + superior mesenteric ganglia * parasym: posterior vagal trunk 3. Jejenum, ileum, cecum, as. + trans. colon(prox 2/3) * sym: superior mesenteric ganglion * parasym : vagal trunk 4. Trans. colon(dist. 1/3), desc.+sigmoid colon, upper rectum * sym: inferior mesenteric ganglion * parasym: pelvic splanchnic nerves 5. Mid+Lower rectum * sym: lumbar+ sacral splanchnic nerves * parasym: pelvic splanchnic nerves

Answer 64

* located in intramucosal system * both parasympathetic and sympathetic * 3 subtypes 1. Submucosal plex : Meissner plexus 2. Myenteric plexus: Auerbach plexus 3. Subserosal plexus * Headzones: * areas where pain appears to occur although it originates from another visceral area * "referred pain" * E.g : diaphragm pain may seem to originate from cutaneous areas * gall bladder inflammation

Answer 65

* found in epithelium and wall of glands * endocrine- and paracrine secretion * G, K, L, I, N, S- Cells 1. Stomach * G-Cells * gastrin secretion 2. Intestine * K-Cells * gastric inhibitory peptide * promotes triglyceride storage * L-Cells * ileum + colon * secrete glucagon-like peptide (1 + 2) * surpresses glucagon * I-Cells * jujenum + duodenum * CKK secretion * manages bile secretion * N-Cell * jujenum * neurotensin * controls smooth muscle * S-Cell * duodenum + jujenum * secretin * stimulates secretion of pancreas

Answer 66

* located in mucosa + submucosa of gut 1. Tonsils/Vermiform appendix * lymphoid follicles 2. MALT-Cells * M-Cells * transport antigens to cells in lamina propria 3. Lymphoid follicles * in submucosa extending into lamina propria

Answer 67

* Esophageal: * Condition: Esophageal varicis * Portal: Esophageal branch→ left gastric vein * Systemic: esophageal branch→azygous * Rectal: * Condition: Rectal varicis * Portal: Superior rectal vein * Systemic: middle & inferior rectal veins * Paraumbilical: * Condition: Caput medusae * Portal: Paraumbilical veins * Systemic: Superficial epigastric vein * Retroperitoneal: * Portal: Right,middle,left colic veins * Systemic: Renal, suprarenal, paravertabral & gonadal veins

Answer 68

From midline → lateral on both sides: * **median** umbilical lig., w/ urachus (remnant) * supravesical fossa * **medial** umbilical lig., w/ umbilical art. (remnant) * medial fossa * **lateral** umbilical fold, w/ inf. epigastric art. * lateral fossa covered by parietal peritoneum!

Answer 69

* above + below arcuate line * arcuate line * inferior epigastric vessels perforate the rectus abdominis m.

Answer 70

1. Psoas major m. * from T12 and L1 vertebrae to lesser trochanter 2. Psoas minor m. * from T12 and L1 vertebrae to iliopubic eminence 3. Quadratus lumborum m. * from iliac crest + LV transverse processes towards 12th tib 4. Iliacus m. * from iliac crest towards lesser throchanter

Answer 71

→ separates abdominal- from thoracic cavity * 3 parts: * costal, sternal, vertebral * central tendinous part with attached muscle fibers around, innervated by phrenic nerve * anchored to lumbar vertebrae by * right crus: attaches to L3 vert. * left crus: attaches to L2 vert. * inferior borders: * Median-, Medial- and Lateral arcuate lig. * Piercing structures: * Aorta, IVC * Esophagus w/ ant. + post. vagal trunks * hemi-azygous vein

Answer 72

* Blood supply * superiorly: * branches of **superior phrenic artery** *(from thoracic aorta)* and **internal thoracic artery** * inferiorly: * **inferior phrenic arteries** *(from abdominal aorta)* * Innervation * phrenic nerves (from C3-C5 spinal segments)

Answer 73

→ small compartment **medial** to femoral artery and vein, **lateral** to great saphenous vein * inferior to inguinal ligament * entrance: femoral ring (inferior to superficial inguinal ring) * conical shape, about 2 cm long * contains efferent lymph vessels

Answer 74

→ slit-like passage above and parallel to the lower half of the inguinal ligament * begins at **deep inguinal ring** * opening of tubular evagination of tranversal fascia which hosts: * men: the spermatic cord * women: round ligament of uterus * ends at **superficial inguinal ring** * superior to pubic tubercle * in aponeurosis of external oblique m.

Answer 75

* begins at deep inguinal ring, exits at superficial inguinal ring * enclosed 3 layers 1. internal spermatic fascia 2. cremasteric fascia 3. external spermatic fascia * contents: * deferens duct * deferens duct artery (from inf. vesical artery) * testicular artery (from abdominal aorta) * pampiniform plexus of veins (to testicular veins) * cremasteric art. + vein * genital branch of genitofemoral nerve * lymph vessels

Answer 76

→ covers deep muscles of the back and trunk consists of 3 layers: 1. **posterior** layer * thick, attached to spinous processes of LV * extends laterally to cover erector spinae 2. **middle** layer * attached to transverse processes of LV 3. **anterior** layer * attached to transverse processes of LV * covers anterior surface of quadratus lumborum m.

Answer 77

* subcostal n. * iliohypogastric n. * ilioinguinal n. * lat. cutaneous n. * femoral n. * genitofemoral n. * obturator.