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Databases > (2) Data Modeling > Flashcards

(2) Data Modeling Flashcards

1
Q

Entity occurrence

A

A row in a relational table. Also known as entity instance.

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2
Q

Versioning

A

A property of an OODBMS that allows the database to keep track of the different transformations performed on an object.

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3
Q

Attribute

A

A characteristic of an entity or an object. It has a name and a data type.

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4
Q

Internal schema

A

A representation of an internal model using the database constructs supported by the chosen database.

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5
Q

Relational database management system (RDBMS)

A

A collection of programs that manages a relational database. This software translates a user’s logical requests (queries) into commands that physically locate and retrieve the requested data.

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6
Q

Name node

A

One of the three types of nodes in HDFS. this node stores all the metadata about the file system.

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7
Q

Class diagram notation

A

The set of symbols used in the creation of class diagrams in UML object modeling.

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8
Q

entity relationship diagram (ERD)

A

A diagram that depicts an entity relationship model’s entities, attributes, and relations.

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9
Q

One-to-one (1:1 or 1..1) relationship

A

Associations among two or more entities that are used by data model’s. In this relationship, one entity is associated with only one instance of the related entity.

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10
Q

Unified Modeling Language (UML)

A

A language based on object-oriented concepts that provides tools such as diagrams and symbols to graphically model a system.

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11
Q

Connectivity

A

The type of relationship between entities. Classifications include 1:1, 1:M, and M:N

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12
Q

Client node

A

One of three types of nodes used in the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). This node acts as the interface between the user application and the HDFS.

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13
Q

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

A

A meta-language used to represent and manipulate data elements. Unlike other markup languages, XML permits the manipulation of a document’s data elements. XML facilitates the exchange of structured documents such as orders and invoices over the Internet.

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14
Q

MapReduce

A

An open-source application programming interface (API) that provides fast data analytics services; one of the main Big Data technologies that allows organization’s to process massive data stores.

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15
Q

Big data

A

A movement to find new and better ways to manage large amounts of web-generated data and derive business insight from it, while simultaneously providing high performance and scalability at a reasonable cost.

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16
Q

Object/relational database management system (O/R DBMS)

A

A DBMS based on the extended relational model (ERDM). the ERDM, championed by many relational database researchers, constitutes the relational model’s response to the OODM. This model includes many of the object-oriented model’s best features within an inherently simpler relational database structure.

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17
Q

Relational model

A

Developed by E.F Codd of IBM in 1970, the relational model is based on mathematical set theory and represents data as independent relations. Each relation (table) is conceptually represented as a two dimensional structure of intersecting rows and columns. The relations are related to each other through the sharing of common entity characteristics (values in columns).

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18
Q

Subschema

A

The portion of the database that interacts with application programs.

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19
Q

Class

A

A collection of similar objects with shared structure (attributes) and behavior (methods). It encapsulates an object’s data representation and a method’s implementation. Classes are organized in a class hierarchy.

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20
Q

Conceptual model

A

The output of the conceptual design process. This model provides a global view of an entire database and describes the main data objects, avoiding details.

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21
Q

Constraint

A

A restriction on data, usually expressed in the form of rules. For example, “A student’s GPA must be between 0.00 and 4.00.” they are important because they help to ensure data integrity.

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22
Q

Method

A

In the object-oriented data model, a named set of instructions to perform an action. Methods represent real-world actions, and are invoked through messages.

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23
Q

Hadoop

A

A Java bases, open source, high speed, fault-tolerant distributed storage and computational framework. It uses low-cost hardware to create clusters of thousands of computer nodes to store and process data.

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24
Q

application programming interface (API)

A

Software through which programmers interact with middleware. This allows the use of generic SQL code, thereby allowing client processes to be database server-independent.

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25
Q

3 Vs

A

Three basic characteristics of Big Data databases: volume, velocity, and variety.

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26
Q

Many-to-many (M:N or ..) relationship

A

Association among two or more entities in which one occurrence of an entity is associated with many occurrences of a related entity and one occurrence of the related entity is associated with many occurrences of the first entity.

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27
Q

Key-value

A

A data model based on a structure composed of two data elements: a key and a value, in which every key has a corresponding value or set of values.

28
Q

Relational diagram

A

A graphical representation of a relational databases entities, the attributes within those entities, and the relationships among the entities.

29
Q

Relationship

A

An association between entities.

30
Q

Relation

A

A logical construct perceived to be a two dimensional structure composed of intersecting rows (entities) and columns (attributes) that represents an entity set in the relational model.

31
Q

External model

A

The application programmer’s view of the data environment. Given its business focus, an external model works with a data subset of the global database scheme.

32
Q

Table

A

A logical construct perceived to be a two dimensional structure composed of intersecting rows (entities) and columns (attributes) that represents an entity set in the relational model.

33
Q

Hierarchical model

A

An early database model whose basic concepts and characteristics formed the basis for subsequent database development. This model is based on an upside-worn tree structure in which each record is called a segment. The top record is the root segment. Each segment has a 1:M relationship to the segment directly below it.

34
Q

Data node

A

One of three types of nodes used in the HDFS. This node stores fixed-sized data blocks.

35
Q

Eventual consistency

A

A model for database consistency in which updates to the database will propagate through the system so that all copies will be consistent eventually.

36
Q

Crow’s foot notation

A

A representation of the entity relationship diagram that uses a three-pronged symbol to represent the “many” sides of the relationship.

37
Q

Data modeling

A

The process of creating a specific data model for a determined problem domain.

38
Q

Entity instance

A

A row in a relational table. Also known as entity occurrence.

39
Q

Segment (SEGM)

A

In the hierarchical data model, the equivalent of a file system’s record type.

40
Q

Inheritance

A

In the object-oriented data model, the ability of an object to inherit the data structure and methods of the classes above it in the class hierarchy.

41
Q

One-to-many (1:M or 1..*) relationship

A

Associations among two or more entities that are used by data models. In this relationship, one entity instance is associated with many instances of the related entity.

42
Q

Entity set

A

A collection of like entities.

43
Q

Abstract data type (ADT)

A

Data type that describes a set of similar objects with shared and encapsulated data representation and methods. This is generally used to describe complex objects.

44
Q

Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)

A

A highly distributed, fault-tolerant file storage system designed to manage large amounts of data at high speeds.

45
Q

Network model

A

An early data model that represented data as a collection of record types in 1:M relationships.

46
Q

Superclass

A

In a class hierarchy, this is the more general classification from which the subclasses inherit data structures and behaviors.

47
Q

Conceptual scheme

A

A representation of the conceptual model, usually expressed graphically.

48
Q

Object-oriented data model (OODM)

A

A data model whose basic modeling structure is an object.

49
Q

Extended relational data model

A

A model that includes the object-oriented model’s best features in an inherently simpler relational database structural environment.

50
Q

Object

A

An abstract representation of a real world entity that has a unique identity, embedded properties, and the ability to interact with other objects and itself.

51
Q

Entity relationship model (ER)

A

A data model that describes relationships (1:1, 1:M, and M:N) almond entities at the conceptual level with the help of ER diagrams. the model was developed by Peter Chan.

52
Q

Data model

A

A representation, usually graphic, of a complex “real-world” data structure. These are used in the database design phase of the Database Life Cycle.

53
Q

External schema

A

The specific representation of an external view; the end user’s view of the data environment.

54
Q

Client

A

Any process that requests specific services from server processes in a client/server environment.

55
Q

Balancing

A

Ensuring that the processing load is distributed evenly among multiple servers.

56
Q

Object-oriented database management system (OODBMS)

A

Data management software used to manage data in an object-oriented database model.

57
Q

Class diagrams

A

A diagram used to represent data and their relationships in UML object notation.

58
Q

Data definition language

A

the language that allows a database administrator to define the database structure, schema, and sub schema.

59
Q

Entity

A

A person, place, thing, concept, or event for which data can be stored.

60
Q

Hardware independence

A

A condition in which a model does not depend on the hardware used in the model’s implementation. Therefore, changes in the hardware will have no effect on the database design at the conceptual level.

61
Q

Internal model

A

In database modeling, a level of data abstraction that adapts the conceptual model to a specific DBMS model for implementation. the internal model is the representation of a database as “seen” by the DBMS. In other words, the internal model requires a designer to match the conceptual model’s characteristics and constraints to those of the selected implementation model.

62
Q

Data manipulation language

A

The set of commands that allows an end user to manipulate the data in the database, such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELTE, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK.

63
Q

Schema

A

A logical grouping of database objects, such as tables, indexes, views, and queries, that are related to each other. usually belongs to a single user or application.

64
Q

Tulle

A

In the relational model, a table row.

65
Q

Complex object

A

An object formed by several different objects in complex relationships.

66
Q

American national standards institute (ANSI)

A

the group that accepted the DBTG recommendations and augmented database standards in 1975 through its SPARC committee.

67
Q

Class hierarchy

A

The organization of classes in a hierarchical tree in which each parent class is a superclass and each child is a subclass.

Databases (7 decks)

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