2: Children's normal growth and development Flashcards

1
Q

What is genu varum?

A

Bow legs

(curling inwards)

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2
Q

What is genu valgum?

A

Knock knees

(curling outwards)

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3
Q

Which type of leg abnormality is physiological in developing children?

A

Both of them

genu varum first, then genu valgum

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4
Q

By which process does bone grow longitudinally?

A

Enchondral ossification

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5
Q

By which process does bone growth circumfrentially?

A

Appositional growth

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6
Q

What are some factors affecting bone growth?

A

Nutrition

Sunshine - Vit D

Injury

Illness

Hormones - growth hormone

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7
Q

What are used to track the growth of children and compare it to the average?

A

Growth charts

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8
Q

What are some (usually) normal variations seen in developing children?

A

Genu varum / valgum

Intoeing

Flat feet

Curly toes

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9
Q

Bow-leggedness is also known as genu ___.

Knock knees is also known as genu ___.

A

bow legs - genu varum

knock knees - genu valgus

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10
Q

Most people have slight genu (varum / valgum) once they’ve grown up.

A

slight genu valgum

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11
Q

When should a child with genu varum be referred to paediatric orthopaedics?

A

Severe bowleggedness

Short stature

In pain

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12
Q

What are some conditions which can cause pathological genu varum?

A

Dysplasia of skeleton

Rickett’s (Vitamin D deficiency)

Tumours (e.g enchondroma)

Blount’s disease

Trauma

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13
Q

What is Blount’s disease?

What sign can be seen on X-ray?

A

MEDIAL TIBIAL PHYSIS stops growing for unknown reasons

Bird-beak protrusion medially

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14
Q

What are some pathological causes of genu valgum?

A

Tumours again

Rickett’s again

Neurofibromatosis

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15
Q

What can be used to treat knee malalignments like genu varum and valgum?

A

Surgical intervention

Osteotomy, internal fixation, external fixation

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16
Q

What is intoeing?

A

Child walks with toes pointing INWARDS

17
Q

What are three pathological causes of intoeing?

A

Femoral anteversion

Internal tibial torsion

Metatarsus adductus

18
Q

People with femoral neck anteversion tend to sit in which position?

A

W position

19
Q

What pathology is commonly seen in toddlers and usually resolves in childhood?

A

Internal tibial torsion

20
Q

Which pathology causes the forefoot to curl in medially and usually resolves itself?

A

Metatarsus adductus

21
Q

One in five people have __ feet.

A

flat

22
Q

What is missing in people with flat feet?

A

Medial/lateral/transverse arches

23
Q

The tendon of which muscle forms the medial arch of the foot?

A

Tibialis posterior

24
Q

What are the two types of flat feet?

A

Flexible

Fixed

25
Q

Children commonly have ___ toes.

A

curly

26
Q

“Growing pains” often occur in which aspect of the lower limb?

A

Anterior knee