2 - Cells and Tissues of the Adaptive Immune System Flashcards
Indicates a subset of cellular surface markers that identify cell type and stage differentiation.
Cluster of differentiation (CD)
Examples of primary lymphoid organs.
Thymus and bone marrow
Examples of secondary lymphoid organs.
Spleen, lymph nodes, muscoase-associated lymphoid tissues
Cell which all blood cells develop from.
common CD34+ pluripotent stem cell
B cells are generated within the […] from B cell progenitor.
Bone marrow
T cells are generated within […] from a T cell progenitor.
Thymus (i.e. progenitor migrates from bone marrow to the thymus)
True/False: The receptors of a single T cell or a B cell all vary.
False; will all be identical
B cells and T cell which have not encountered their antigen.
Naive lymphocytes
Period of time which the thymus is most active.
Earlt life, neonatal and pre-adolescent periods
As an individual continues to age thier thyus gradually disappears and becomes […].
Fat
Method of generation for receptors of T cells.
Gene rearrangement from multiple inheritred germline genes
Result of a T cell which is highly reactive with self-Ags.
Deleted via apoptosis
T cell, expresses CD4, helps B cell growth/differentate.
Helper T cell (i.e. subset of helper T cells are regulatory T cells)
T cell, expresses CD8, recognizes and kills viral-infected cells.
Cytotoxic T cells
Slow-growing tumor that typically starts in thymic epithelial cells, typicall does not spread beyond the thymus gland.
Thymoma
Aggresive cancer that starts in the thymus, cancer of thymic epithelial cells, difficult to treat because it spread quickly.
Thymic carcinoma
What is a consequence of thymomas and thymic carincomas being diagnoses at ages 40-60?
Immunodeficiencies are very rare (i.e. thymus is no longer producing naive T cells)
Changes of blood marrow starting from birth to puberty to adulthood.
Starts out red, gradually converted to yellow, at this point is half yellow half red.
Location of B cell differentation before birth/
Fetal liver
Involved in the development of B cell development via cell-to-cell contact.
Stromal cells and cytokines
Unlike the production of T cells, B cells are produced for a […] within the bone marrow.
Lifetime
Malignant diseases of the bone marrow, occur during hematopoietic development of lymphoid/myeloid lineages. The overgrowth of immature blood cells causes a shortage of normal WBCs/RBCs/platlets, infections may lead to anemia and bruising.
Leukemias
Characterized by the overproduction of one type of blood cell which may develop into leukaemias.
Myeloproliferative disorders (i.e. common causes of death = infection, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, hemorrhage or thrombosis)
Malignancy of plasma cells, abnormal plasma cells produce proteins that impair the development of normal blood cells causing anemia (i.e. reduced numbers of RBCs) and leukopenia (i.e. reduced number of WBCs).
Multiple myeloma (i.e. infection = major complication and leading cause of death)
Cancer, develops in circulating blood lymphocytes after their production in the bone marrow. At the late stage can spread to the bone marrow.
Lymphomas
The eyes, brain, and testicle are parts of the body where […] do not circulte.
Lymphocytes
Specialized endothelium of the postcapillary venules, where lymphoctes enter the LNs.
High endothelium venules (HEV)
Differences between HEVs and normal endothelial cells.
Express high levels of adhesion molecules (i.e. used as homing receptors for lymphocytes)
Mechanism by which T and B cells transmigrate through HEVs into LNs.
Diapedesis
Stromal cell produce […] that help B and T cell naviagte within the LNs.
Chemokines
If a LN is not activated by a foreign Ag within a LN then […].
It will return to the blood.
Structure that allow naive lymphocytes to reenter the circulation.
Efferent lymph vessels (i.e. merge into the thoracic duct)
Naive B cells are activated via […] foreign Ags.
Soluble
Terminally differentiated B cell, produces/secretes large amounts of Abs.
Plasma cell
Within the spleen, Ag-activated B cells typically produce Abs againts microbes of the […].
Blood
Two potential outcomes of a T cell activated in a LN.
Migration back into the peripheral sites of infection or remains in the LNs and helps Ag-activated B cells to become plasma cells.
Locaiton of B cell zone within LN.
LN follicle.
Follicle composed of small naïve B cells and/or recirculating memory B cells, no Ag stimulation.
Primary follicle
Follicle of LN, Ag stimulation, B cells proliferate and differentiate.
Secondary follcile/Germinal center (GC)
