2 - Cells and Tissues of the Adaptive Immune System

Question 1

Indicates a subset of cellular surface markers that identify cell type and stage differentiation.

Answer 1

Cluster of differentiation (CD)

Question 2

Examples of primary lymphoid organs.

Answer 2

Thymus and bone marrow

Question 3

Examples of secondary lymphoid organs.

Answer 3

Spleen, lymph nodes, muscoase-associated lymphoid tissues

Question 4

Cell which all blood cells develop from.

Answer 4

common CD34⁺ pluripotent stem cell

Question 5

B cells are generated within the […] from B cell progenitor.

Answer 5

Bone marrow

Question 6

T cells are generated within […] from a T cell progenitor.

Answer 6

Thymus (i.e. progenitor migrates from bone marrow to the thymus)

Question 7

True/False: The receptors of a single T cell or a B cell all vary.

Answer 7

False; will all be identical

Question 8

B cells and T cell which have not encountered their antigen.

Answer 8

Naive lymphocytes

Question 9

Period of time which the thymus is most active.

Answer 9

Earlt life, neonatal and pre-adolescent periods

Question 10

As an individual continues to age thier thyus gradually disappears and becomes […].

Answer 10

Fat

Question 11

Method of generation for receptors of T cells.

Answer 11

Gene rearrangement from multiple inheritred germline genes

Question 12

Result of a T cell which is highly reactive with self-Ags.

Answer 12

Deleted via apoptosis

Question 13

T cell, expresses CD4, helps B cell growth/differentate.

Answer 13

Helper T cell (i.e. subset of helper T cells are regulatory T cells)

Question 14

T cell, expresses CD8, recognizes and kills viral-infected cells.

Answer 14

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 15

Slow-growing tumor that typically starts in thymic epithelial cells, typicall does not spread beyond the thymus gland.

Answer 15

Thymoma

Question 16

Aggresive cancer that starts in the thymus, cancer of thymic epithelial cells, difficult to treat because it spread quickly.

Answer 16

Thymic carcinoma

Question 17

What is a consequence of thymomas and thymic carincomas being diagnoses at ages 40-60?

Answer 17

Immunodeficiencies are very rare (i.e. thymus is no longer producing naive T cells)

Question 18

Changes of blood marrow starting from birth to puberty to adulthood.

Answer 18

Starts out red, gradually converted to yellow, at this point is half yellow half red.

Question 19

Location of B cell differentation before birth/

Answer 19

Fetal liver

Question 20

Involved in the development of B cell development via cell-to-cell contact.

Answer 20

Stromal cells and cytokines

Question 21

Unlike the production of T cells, B cells are produced for a […] within the bone marrow.

Answer 21

Lifetime

Question 22

Malignant diseases of the bone marrow, occur during hematopoietic development of lymphoid/myeloid lineages. The overgrowth of immature blood cells causes a shortage of normal WBCs/RBCs/platlets, infections may lead to anemia and bruising.

Answer 22

Leukemias

Question 23

Characterized by the overproduction of one type of blood cell which may develop into leukaemias.

Answer 23

Myeloproliferative disorders (i.e. common causes of death = infection, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, hemorrhage or thrombosis)

Question 24

Malignancy of plasma cells, abnormal plasma cells produce proteins that impair the development of normal blood cells causing anemia (i.e. reduced numbers of RBCs) and leukopenia (i.e. reduced number of WBCs).

Answer 24

Multiple myeloma (i.e. infection = major complication and leading cause of death)

Question 25

Cancer, develops in circulating blood lymphocytes after their production in the bone marrow. At the late stage can spread to the bone marrow.

Answer 25

Lymphomas

Question 26

The eyes, brain, and testicle are parts of the body where […] do not circulte.

Answer 26

Lymphocytes

Question 27

Specialized endothelium of the postcapillary venules, where lymphoctes enter the LNs.

Answer 27

High endothelium venules (HEV)

Question 28

Differences between HEVs and normal endothelial cells.

Answer 28

Express high levels of adhesion molecules (i.e. used as homing receptors for lymphocytes)

Question 29

Mechanism by which T and B cells transmigrate through HEVs into LNs.

Answer 29

Diapedesis

Question 30

Stromal cell produce […] that help B and T cell naviagte within the LNs.

Answer 30

Chemokines

Question 31

If a LN is not activated by a foreign Ag within a LN then […].

Answer 31

It will return to the blood.

Question 32

Structure that allow naive lymphocytes to reenter the circulation.

Answer 32

Efferent lymph vessels (i.e. merge into the thoracic duct)

Question 33

Naive B cells are activated via […] foreign Ags.

Answer 33

Soluble

Question 34

Terminally differentiated B cell, produces/secretes large amounts of Abs.

Answer 34

Plasma cell

Question 35

Within the spleen, Ag-activated B cells typically produce Abs againts microbes of the […].

Answer 35

Blood

Question 36

Two potential outcomes of a T cell activated in a LN.

Answer 36

Migration back into the peripheral sites of infection or remains in the LNs and helps Ag-activated B cells to become plasma cells.

Question 37

Locaiton of B cell zone within LN.

Answer 37

LN follicle.

Question 38

Follicle composed of small naïve B cells and/or recirculating memory B cells, no Ag stimulation.

Answer 38

Primary follicle

Question 39

Follicle of LN, Ag stimulation, B cells proliferate and differentiate.

Answer 39

Secondary follcile/Germinal center (GC)