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Biology > 2. Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

2. Cells and Organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A

Found in plant cells
Has a double membrane
The membrane inside is called the thylakoid membranes
These membranes are stacked up to form grana that are linked together by lamellae
Everything is held in the stroma (a thick fluid)

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2
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

They are the site of photosynthesis that happens in the grana or stroma

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3
Q

What is the structure of centriole ?

A

Two bundles of microtubules at right angles to each other.
The microtubules are made of tubulin protein subunits.
They are arranged to form a cylinder.

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4
Q

What is the function of centriole?

A

Involved with the separation of chromosomes in cell division

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5
Q

What is the structure of cilia?

A

Hair-like structures found on the surface of some animal cells
Have an outer membrane and a ring of 9 pairs of protein microtubules
There are then 2 microtubules in the middle

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6
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

The microtubules allow cilia to move substances along the surface of cells

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7
Q

What is the structure of flagellum?

A

They are like cilia but longer
They stick out from the cell and are surrounded by the plasma membrane
The arrangement of microtubules is the same as in cilia

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8
Q

What is the function of flagellum?

A

The microtubules contract to make the flagellum move

They are used like outboard motors to propel the cell forwards

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9
Q

What is the structure of plasma (cell surface) membrane?

A

The membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cellulose cell wall of plant and prokaryotic cells
It’s mainly made of lipids and protein

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10
Q

What is the function of plasma (cell surface) membrane?

A

Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Also has receptor molecules on it which allows it to respond to chemicals like hormones

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11
Q

What is the structure of cellulose cell wall?

A

A rigid structure that surrounds plant cells

Made mainly of the carbohydrate cellulose

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12
Q

What is the function of cellulose cell wall?

A

Supports plant cells

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13
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A 
A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope which contains many pores 
Contains chromatin (made of DNA and proteins) and a structure called the nucleolus
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14
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls the cells activity
DNA contains instructions to make proteins
Pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm
The nucleolus makes ribosomes

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15
Q

What is the structure of lysosome?

A

A round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no clear internal structure

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16
Q

What is the function of lysosome?

A

Contains digestive enzyme, it can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell

17
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

A very small organelle that either floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the RER.
Made of proteins and RNA.
It is not surrounded by a membrane.

18
Q

What is the function of ribosome?

A

The site where proteins are made

19
Q

What is the structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space

The surface is covered in ribosomes

20
Q

What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Folds and processes proteins made at the ribosomes

21
Q

What is the structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Similar to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, but with no ribosomes

22
Q

What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesises and processes lipids

23
Q

What is the structure of mitochondrion?

A

Usually oval shaped
Have a double membrane
The inner membrane is folded to form cristae
Inside is the matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration

24
Q

What is the function of mitochondrion ?

A

Site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced

Lots of them are present in cells that are active and require lots of energy

25
Q

What is the structure of vesicles?

A

Small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane

26
Q

What is the function of vesicles?

A

Transports substances between cells and the organelles
Some are formed by the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum
Others are formed at the cell surface

27
Q

What is the structure of Golgi apparatus?

A

Membrane-bound, fluid filled, flattened sacs, often surrounded by vesicles

28
Q

What is the function of Golgi apparatus?

A

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins and makes lysosomes

29
Q

How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar?

A 
They both have...
A plasma, cell surface, membrane 
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes of assembling amino acids into proteins
DNA and RNA
30
Q

How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different?

A

Prokaryotic cells…
Smaller that eukaryotes
Do not have a nucleus
Do not have membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, RER, SER, chloroplasts and Golgi apparatus)
Have cell walls made of peptidoglycan not cellulose
Have smaller ribosomes
Have ‘naked’ DNA that is not wound around histone proteins

31
Q

What organelles are present in prokaryotic cells?

A 
Flagella
Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Plasma membrane 
Ribosomes 
Plasmid (small loop of DNA)
Cytoplasm 
Pili (small hair-like structures)
32
Q

How are organelles involved in protein production?

A

1) Proteins are made at the ribosomes on the RER
2) They are also folded and processed in the RER
3) they are transported to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles
4) at the Golgi, the proteins may undergo further processing
5) vesicles transport proteins around the cell

33
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Support cell’s organelles, keeping them in position
Strengthens the cell and maintains its shape
Movement of materials within the cell
Can help the cell to move

Biology (13 decks)

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